•A new approach for effective detection of faults in grid connected PV systems.•Definition of new ratios of current and voltage for PV system supervision.•Guidelines to fix thresholds for the ...indicators to identify faults in PV systems.•Proposed method minimizes the monitoring system and number of sensors required.•The supervision system can be integrated into the inverter.
In this work we present a new procedure for automatic fault detection in grid connected photovoltaic (PV) systems. This method is based on the evaluation of new current and voltage indicators. Thresholds for these indicators are defined taking into account the PV system configuration: number of PV modules included and series and parallel interconnection to form the array. The procedure to calculate the thresholds that allow the identification of the faults is described. A simulation study was carried out to verify the evaluation of current and voltage indicators and their corresponding thresholds for a set of PV systems with different sizes and different configurations of interconnection of PV modules. The developed method was experimentally validated and has demonstrated its effectiveness in the detection of main faults present in grid connected applications. The computational analysis has been reduced and the number of monitoring sensors minimized. The fault detection procedure can be integrated into the inverter without using simulation software or additional external hardware.
I study how heterogeneity of financial frictions and monopolistic competition influence the pass through of the nominal interest rate to the real lending rate, its transmission into investment, and ...corporate cash holdings. Firms finance stochastic investment opportunities with either bank-issued credit or money. The market structure generates an aggregate demand externality which doubles transmission at the a policy rate of 4.8% and magnifies the effects of financial frictions on investment. In line with empirical evidence, the cash-to-sales ratio increases with the extent of financial constraints, and rises with the intensity of competition for financially constrained firms. Financial constraints raise firms’ sensitivity to monetary policy; and a mean-preserving spread of financial frictions reduces investment and output, strengthens transmission, and reduces the external share of finance.
Revolving credit is the prime determinant of short-run household liquidity and comoves positively with product variety and negatively with unemployment. I develop a theory of feedback between ...revolving credit and product development and examine its ability to explain labor market volatility. Extending the Mortensen–Pissarides model with an endogenous borrowing constraint and free entry of monopolistically competitive firms reproduces stylized facts in the data and amplifies both productivity and financial shocks through mutual causality. Higher debt limits encourage firm entry and raise product variety (the entry channel), and greater variety makes default more costly and thereby raises the equilibrium debt level (the consumption value channel). Though productivity shocks are sufficient to generate higher volatility, financial shocks are essential in approximating the time series patterns of unemployment, vacancies, and revolving credit in the data, and reproduce the rise in unemployment during the Great Recession.
This document from the European Society of Radiology (ESR) and the European Society of Thoracic Imaging (ESTI) aims to present the main imaging features, and the role of CT scan in the early ...diagnosis of COVID-19, describing, in particular, the typical findings which make it possible to identify the disease and distinguish it from bacterial causes of infection, and to define which category of patients may benefit from CT imaging. The precautions that must be taken when performing scans to protect radiologists and technologists from infection will be described. The organisational measures that can be taken within radiology departments in order to cope with the influx of patients, while continuing to manage other emergency and time-sensitive activity (e.g. oncology, other infectious diseases etc.), will be discussed.
Key points
• Bilateral ground glass opacities are typical CT manifestations of COVID-19.
• Crazy paving and organising pneumonia pattern are seen at a later stage.
• Extensive consolidation is associated with a poor prognosis.
Oils of
Carapa guianensis
and
Copaifera
spp. are well-known in the Amazonian region as natural insect repellents, and studies have reported their efficiency as larvicide against some mosquito ...species. However, toxicity persistence and effect on mosquito development have not yet been evaluated. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the initial time of larvicidal activity, residual effect, and the effect of very low concentrations of these oils on
Aedes aegypti
. Different concentrations of the oils were used to evaluate the initial time of larval mortality and residual effect, as well as, the development of larvae, pupae, and adults. Results demonstrated that the lethal effect started mainly between the first 2 and 3 h of larvae exposure to oils, when using concentrations which ranged from 500 mg/L of
C. guianensis
and 90 mg/L of
Copaifera
sp. The toxic effect remained with total efficiency (100% mortality) until the sixth day for
Copaifera
sp. and 12th day for
C. guianensis
. When using sublethal dosages (ranging from 140 mg/L of
C. guianensis
to 26 mg/L of
Copaifera
sp.) mortality was observed after the larval molt. Also, imperfection of pupae and adult development and unsuccessful emergence of adults were observed. A product of botanical origin that could break the development of immature stage of mosquitoes and inhibit the emergence of adults should be essential in vector control. Thus, our results provide new information for a better understanding in using
C. guianensis
and
Copaifera
sp. oils with a potential to be used as a natural insecticide.
The study of host associations of mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) provides valuable information to assist in our understanding of a variety of related issues, from their life-history to the ...entomological surveillance of pathogens. In this study, we identified and characterized mosquito blood meals from both urban and forested areas in the city of Paranaguá, state of Paraná, Brazil, by analyzing the amplification of host DNA ingested by mosquitoes under different storage conditions and digestion levels. Host DNA preservation was evaluated in fresh blood meals according to storage duration (30 to 180 days) and temperature (-20°C / -80°C) and, in digested blood, according the degree of digestion classified on the Sella scale. Molecular analysis of blood meals was based on DNA extraction and amplification of a fragment of the mitochondrial COI gene. We determined that, up to180 days of storage, the evaluated temperatures did not influence the preservation of fresh blood meals DNA, whereas the amplification success was increasingly reduced over the course of the digestion process. The species Anopheles cruzii, Aedes fluviatilis, Aedes scapularis, Psorophora ferox, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex mollis, and Culex intrincatus, together with specimens representing four subgenera and one genus of Culicidae Ae. (Ochlerotatus), Cx. (Culex), Cx. (Melanoconion), Cx. (Microculex), and Limatus, respectively had their blood meals identified. Their diverse host use was evidenced by the identification of 19 species of vertebrate host, namely two amphibians, three mammals and 14 birds. Birds were the most commonly identified host in blood meals. These results not only show the diversity of mosquito hosts, but also underscore the challenges involved in monitoring arboviruses of public health importance, given potential combinations of host use for each mosquito species.
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between red cell distribution width (RDW) and erythrocyte osmotic stability in non‐diabetic and diabetic individuals in both sexes. The study sample ...(N = 122) was constituted by 53 type 2 diabetics (DM) and 69 non‐diabetics (ND), being 21 and 22 men in each group, respectively. The osmotic stability of erythrocytes was obtained by the variation in saline concentration (dX) capable of determining hypoosmotic lysis. Higher RDW values and lower serum iron concentrations were found in the diabetic group when compared to the non‐diabetic volunteers. In the group of diabetic women, RDW was positively correlated with the reticulocyte index, and both RDW and dX were negatively correlated with iron, haemoglobin, transferrin saturation index, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration. In all the groups studied, RDW was positively correlated with dX, especially in the diabetic group, where the correlation was the strongest. RDW elevation in both women and men with type 2 diabetes mellitus was associated with decreased serum iron indicators. Furthermore, RDW has a similar meaning to dX, as small erythrocytes have less haemoglobin, resulting in both an increase of RDW and dX.
On the 5G and Beyond Silva, Mário Marques da; Guerreiro, João
Applied sciences,
10/2020, Volume:
10, Issue:
20
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
This article provides an overview of the fifth generation of cellular communications (5G) and beyond. It presents the transmission techniques of current 5G communications and those expected of future ...developments, namely a brief study of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) using the single carrier with frequency domain equalization (SC-FDE) block transmission technique, evidencing its added value in terms of spectral efficiency. An introduction to the sixth generation of cellular communications (6G) is also provided. The insertion of 5G and 6G within the Fourth Industrial Revolution framework (also known as Industry 4.0) is also dealt with. Consisting of a change in paradigm, when compared to previous generations, 5G supports a myriad of new services based on the Internet of things (IoT) and on vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, supporting technologies such as autonomous driving, smart cities, and remote surgery. The new services provided by 5G are supported by new techniques, such as millimeter waves (mm-wave), in addition to traditional microwave communication, and by massive multiple-input multiple-output (m-MIMO) technology. These techniques were not employed in the fourth generation of cellular communications (4G). While 5G plays an important role in the initial implementation of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, 6G will address a number of new services such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), holographic services, the advanced Internet of things (IoT), AI-infused applications, wireless brain–computer interaction (BCI), and mobility at higher speeds. The current research on systems beyond 5G indicates that these applications shall be supported by new MIMO techniques and make use of terahertz (THz) bands.
Cryptococcal infections are mainly caused by members of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex (molecular types VNI, VNII, VNB, VNIV and the AD hybrid VNIII). PCR of the mating type loci and ...MLST typing using the ISHAM-MLST consensus scheme were used to evaluate the genetic relationship of 102 (63 clinical and 39 environmental) C. neoformans isolates from Uberaba, Brazil and to correlate the obtained genotypes with clinical, antifungal susceptibility and virulence factor data. All isolates were mating type alpha. MLST identified 12 known and five new sequence types (ST). Fourteen STs were identified within the VNI isolates, with ST93 (57/102, 56%) and ST77 (19/102, 19%) being the most prevalent. From the nine VNII isolates previously identify by URA5-RFLP only four (ST40) were confirmed by MLST. The remaining five grouped within the VNB clade in the phylogenetic analysis corresponding to the sequence type ST504. Other two environmental isolates also grouped within VNB clade with the new sequence type ST527. The four VNII/ST40 isolates were isolated from CSF. The two VNIV sequence types (ST11 and ST160) were isolated from blood cultures. Two of six patients evaluated with more than one isolates had mixed infections. Amongst the VNI isolates 4 populations were identified, which showed differences in their susceptibility profiles, clinical outcome and virulence factors. These results reinforce that ST93 is the most prevalent ST in HIV-infected patients in the Southeastern region of Brazil. The finding of the VNB molecular type amongst environmental Brazilian isolates highlights that this genotype is not restricted to the African continent.
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