The Langmuir Probe instrument on Rosetta monitored the photoelectron emission cur- rent of the probes during the Rosetta mission at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, in essence acting as a photodiode ...monitoring the solar ultraviolet radiation at wave- lengths below 250 nm. We have used three methods of extracting the photoelectron saturation current from the Langmuir probe measurements. The resulting dataset can be used as an index of the solar far and extreme ultraviolet at the Rosetta spacecraft position, including flares, in wavelengths that are important for photoionisation of the cometary neutral gas. Comparing the photoemission current to data measurements by MAVEN/EUVM and TIMED/SEE, we find good correlation when 67P was at large heliocentric distances early and late in the mission, but up to 50 percent decrease of the expected photoelectron current at perihelion. We discuss possible reasons for the photoemission decrease, including scattering and absorption by nanograins created by disintegration of cometary dust far away from the nucleus.
Strong electron cooling on the neutral gas in cometary comae has been predicted for a long time, but actual measurements of low electron temperature are scarce. We present in situ measurements of ...plasma density, electron temperature and spacecraft potential by the Rosetta Langmuir probe instrument, LAP. Data acquired within a few hundred km from the nucleus are dominated by a warm component with electron temperature typically 5--10 eV at all heliocentric distances covered (1.25 to 3.83 AU). A cold component, with temperature no higher than about 0.1 eV, appears in the data as short (few to few tens of seconds) pulses of high probe current, indicating local enhancement of plasma density as well as a decrease in electron temperature. These pulses first appeared around 3 AU and were seen for longer periods close to perihelion. The general pattern of pulse appearance follows that of neutral gas and plasma density. We have not identified any periods with only cold electrons present. The electron flux to Rosetta was always dominated by higher energies, driving the spacecraft potential to order -10 V. The warm (5--10 eV) electron population is interpreted as electrons retaining the energy they obtained when released in the ionisation process. The sometimes observed cold populations with electron temperatures below 0.1 eV verify collisional cooling in the coma. The cold electrons were only observed together with the warm population. The general appearance of the cold population appears to be consistent with a Haser-like model, implicitly supporting also the coupling of ions to the neutral gas. The expanding cold plasma is unstable, forming filaments that we observe as pulses.
Proton aurora are the most commonly observed yet least studied type of aurora at Mars. In order to better understand the physics and driving processes of Martian proton aurora, we undertake a ...multi‐model comparison campaign. We compare results from four different proton/hydrogen precipitation models with unique abilities to represent Martian proton aurora: Jolitz model (3‐D Monte Carlo), Kallio model (3‐D Monte Carlo), Bisikalo/Shematovich et al. model (1‐D kinetic Monte Carlo), and Gronoff et al. model (1‐D kinetic). This campaign is divided into two steps: an inter‐model comparison and a data‐model comparison. The inter‐model comparison entails modeling five different representative cases using similar constraints in order to better understand the capabilities and limitations of each of the models. Through this step we find that the two primary variables affecting proton aurora are the incident solar wind particle flux and velocity. In the data‐model comparison, we assess the robustness of each model based on its ability to reproduce a proton aurora observation. All models are able to effectively simulate the general shape of the data. Variations in modeled intensity and peak altitude can be attributed to differences in model capabilities/solving techniques and input assumptions (e.g., cross sections, 3‐D vs. 1‐D solvers, and implementation of the relevant physics and processes). The good match between the observations and multiple models gives a measure of confidence that the appropriate physical processes and their associated parameters have been correctly identified and provides insight into the key physics that should be incorporated in future models.
Plain Language Summary
The purpose of the present study is to gain a deeper understanding of the physics and driving processes of Martian proton aurora through a comparative modeling campaign. The models involved in this study have important similarities and differences, such as the dimensionality (e.g., 3‐D vs. 1‐D), inputs, and relevant physics included. We separate the modeling campaign into two steps: a first step comparing the models with each other (i.e., model‐model comparison), and a second step comparing the simulated model results with data from a proton aurora observation (i.e., data‐model comparison) taken by the Imaging UltraViolet Spectrograph onboard the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft. We find that all of the models are able to effectively simulate the data in terms of shape and brightness range of the proton aurora observation. The results of this study inform our understanding of the primary influencing factors that cause variability in the Martian proton aurora profile, the effects of dynamically changing solar wind parameters on the coupled Mars‐Sun auroral system, and the physical processes/constraints that should be considered in future modeling attempts of this unique phenomenon.
Key Points
We undertake a multi‐model comparison campaign to gain a better understanding of the physics and driving processes of Martian proton aurora
The incident solar wind particle flux and velocity are found to be the two most influential parameters affecting the proton aurora profile
The models generally reproduce observations, with variations due to different model capabilities/solving techniques and input assumptions
The results of the first 18 months of the PLASMON project are presented. We have extended our three, existing ground-based measuring networks, AWDANet (VLF/whistlers), EMMA/SANSA (ULF/FLRs), and ...AARDDVARK (VLF/perturbations on transmitters’ signal), by three, eight, and four new stations, respectively. The extended networks will allow us to achieve the four major scientific goals, the automatic retrieval of equatorial electron densities and density profiles of the plasmasphere by whistler inversion, the retrieval of equatorial plasma mass densities by EMMA and SANSA from FLRs, developing a new, data assimilative model of plasmasphere and validating the model predictions through comparison of modeled REP losses with measured data by AARDDVARK network. The first results on each of the four objectives are presented through a case study on a space weather event, a dual storm sudden commencement which occurred on August 3 and 4, 2010.
The Rosetta mission shall accompany comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from a heliocentric distance of >3.6 astronomical units through perihelion passage at 1.25 astronomical units, spanning low and ...maximum activity levels. Initially, the solar wind permeates the thin comet atmosphere formed from sublimation, until the size and plasma pressure of the ionized atmosphere define its boundaries: A magnetosphere is born. Using the Rosetta Plasma Consortium ion composition analyzer, we trace the evolution from the first detection of water ions to when the atmosphere begins repelling the solar wind (~3.3 astronomical units), and we report the spatial structure of this early interaction. The near-comet water population comprises accelerated ions (<800 electron volts), produced upstream of Rosetta, and lower energy locally produced ions; we estimate the fluxes of both ion species and energetic neutral atoms.
Une caractéristique unique de l'environnement spatial de Mercure est le fort couplage qui existe entre la surface, l'exosphère, la magnétosphère et le vent solaire. Ce système peut être étudié par ...des méthodes de télédétection embarquées sur les missions spatiales telles que Mariner 10, MESSENGER et bientôt BepiColombo, ainsi que par les observatoires au sol. L'exosphère de Mercure est un milieu complexe avec seulement quelques espèces détectées jusqu'ici, dont l'hydrogène atomique H. H a seulement été détecté une fois par la sonde Mariner 10 en 1974-1975 et représente un traceur de l'interaction entre le vent solaire et la planète Mercure. L'instrument PHEBUS 'a bord de la mission ESA/JAXA BepiColombo vers Mercure est un spectromètre double canal EUV-FUV capable de détecter les émissions les plus faibles, comme H I Lyman-α 'a 121.6 nm. La première partie de cette thèse se concentre sur la modélisation radiométrique et la simulation des performances de PHEBUS. Pour préparer la calibration spectrale en vol et pendant la phase orbitale, un ensemble d'étoiles de référence est déterminé et évalué pour tirer partie au mieux de la résolution et du domaine spectral du détecteur. Des prévisions sur la possibilité de détection des raies d'émission exosphériques sont également données (science performance). Comme PHEBUS est basé sur SPICAV, le spectromètre UV de Venus Express, des techniques semblables de calibration spectrale peuvent être utilisées. Une étude des occultations stellaire de SPICAV est réalisée dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse. Les spectres des étoiles sont extraits, analysés et convolués avec la fonction instrumentale en vue de préparer les futures observations de PHEBUS. Les résultats sont disponibles dans la base de données de calibration du groupe de travail 'a l'ISSI Cross-calibration of past FUV experiments . En parallèle aux nouveaux instruments de grande sensibilité et à haute résolution spectrale, comme PHEBUS, le développement de simulations numériques est nécessaire 'a la compréhension de l'exosphère de Mercure. La troisième partie de cette thèse présente le modèle SPERO, premier modèle auto-cohérent 3D Monte Carlo dédié 'a l'hydrogène exosphérique de Mercure, prenant en compte toutes les sources et les pertes, tels que la désorption thermique, la photoionisation ou la pression de radiation solaire. La désorption thermique est par hypothèse la source dominante d'hydrogène exosphérique. La densité surfacique ainsi que les densités, températures et vitesses exosphériques sont calculées jusqu'à 8 rayons mercuriens. Une étude de sensibilité est effectuée en se basant sur les incertitudes dans les mécanismes de source et de perte, donnant lieu à des asymétries jour/nuit en densité et en température. En utilisant les densités calculées dans un modèle de transfert radiatif, il est possible de comparer les sorties de SPERO avec les données d'émission Lyman-α de Mariner 10, et d'anticiper le retour de données hydrogène grâce 'a l'instrument MASCS embarqué sur la mission MESSENGER de la NASA.
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