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•Citrus peels are juice byproducts and thought to be waste.•But they contain many phenolic compounds.•These compounds include phenolic acids, flavanones and polymethoxylated ...flavones.•In-depth knowledge about the phenolic compounds in citrus peel is provided.•Health benefits of citrus peel have also been considered.
Citrus peel (CP) forms around 40–50% of the total fruit mass but is generally thought to be a waste. However, it is a substantial source of naturally occurring health enhancing compounds, particularly phenolic compounds and carotenoids. Phenolic compounds in CP mainly comprise phenolic acids (primarily caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic and sinapic acid), flavanones (generally naringin and hesperidin) and polymethoxylated flavones (notably nobiletin and tangeretin). It has also been noted that CP’s contain more amounts of these compounds than corresponding edible parts of the fruits. Phenolic compounds present in CP act as antioxidants (by either donation of protons or electrons) and protect cells against free radical damage as well as help in reducing the risk of many chronic diseases. Owing to the more abundance of polyphenols in CP’s, their antioxidant activity is also higher than other edible fruit parts. Therefore, peels from citrus fruits can be used as sources of functional compounds and preservatives for the development of newer food products, that are not only safe but also have health-promoting activities. The present review provides in-depth knowledge about the phenolic composition, antioxidant potential and health benefits of CP.
Millions of gallons of metal working fluids are used each day in industry for cutting, milling, drilling, stamping, and grinding. But Metal working fluids has been found causing very much damage to ...employee health and environmental pollution. High production volume, the large number of occupationally-exposed workers, and the lack of carcinogenicity and chronic toxicology data of metal working fluids demands a careful scrutiny. The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of dry and near dry machining (NDM) on AISI D2 steel by using an environmental friendly vegetable oil as a lubricant and to completely eliminate the mineral and petroleum based harmful lubricants from turning process. The high carbon high chromium AISI D2 steel was turned at various feed and speed combinations by using Tungsten carbide insert (CNMG12408). The results have been compared with dry machining and near dry machining. The experimental results indicate that near dry machining shows promising results over dry machining in terms of work–tool interface temperature and surface roughness. In order to obtain a good cutting performance by NDM, it is considered that at higher speeds better surface finish properties are obtained. Therefore, it is suggested that near dry machining, provides environment friendliness, cleaner production and can also help to improve the desirable machinability characteristics up to certain extent.
Legumes are a good source of bioactive phenolic compounds which play significant roles in many physiological as well as metabolic processes. Phenolic acids, flavonoids and condensed tannins are the ...primary phenolic compounds that are present in legume seeds. Majority of the phenolic compounds are present in the legume seed coats. The seed coat of legume seeds primarily contains phenolic acids and flavonoids (mainly catechins and procyanidins). Gallic and protocatechuic acids are common in kidney bean and mung bean. Catechins and procyanidins represent almost 70% of total phenolic compounds in lentils and cranberry beans (seed coat). The antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds is in direct relation with their chemical structures such as number as well as position of the hydroxyl groups. Processing mostly leads to the reduction of phenolic compounds in legumes owing to chemical rearrangements. Phenolic content also decreases due to leaching of water-soluble phenolic compounds into the cooking water. The health benefits of phenolic compounds include acting as anticarcinogenic, anti-thrombotic, anti-ulcer, anti-artherogenic, anti-allergenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunemodulating, anti-microbial, cardioprotective and analgesic agents. This review provides comprehensive information of phenolic compounds identified in grain legume seeds along with discussing their antioxidant and health promoting activities.
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•Phenolics are commonly identified in seeds of edible legumes.•These compounds include phenolic acids, flavonoids and tannins.•Distributed differently in seed coat and cotyledon of legumes.•Phenolics exert a wide range of health benefits.
Insect pests inflict damage to crop plants and deteriorate the quality of food grains and food products. The present review provides collective information of studies suggesting use of plant saponins ...in crop plants and stored food grains to control insect pests. Saponins are a class of high molecular weight surface active compounds characterized by the presence of non-polar aglycone moiety coupled with polar sugar molecules. They are present in many wild and cultivated plants and are known for a diverse range of biological activities. Saponins have received attention as insecticidal compounds due to their toxic nature to many serious insect pests of crops and stored grains. Studies have evidenced that saponins possess repellent or deterrent activity and provoke insect moulting defects or cause cellular toxicity in insect pests. The observed effects of saponins on insect pest are reduced food intake, indigestion, weight reduction, developmental retardation, decrease in the rate of reproduction, and mortality.
•Insect infestation is a serious problem in crop plants and stored products.•Saponins are class of steroidal or triterpenoidal compounds present in plants.•Saponins directly affect growth and reproduction of insect pests.•Saponins possess repellent or deterrent activity, provoke moulting defects or cause cellular toxicity in insect pests.•Saponins have shown insecticidal effects against aphids, beetles, weevils, leafhoppers, worms and moths.
•Flaxseed oil yield, colour and chemical properties were influenced by MW roasting.•MW roasting had improved TPC, antioxidant activity and oxidative stability of oil.•HMF was detected in flaxseed oil ...roasted at 540 W for 10 min.•MW roasting at 540 W for 10 min is recommended for flaxseed oil extraction.
In this study, flaxseeds roasted at microwave (MW) powers of 180, 360 and 540 W for 5 and 10 min were evaluated for their influence on oil yield, chemical properties, carotenoid and chlorophyll contents, total phenolic content (TPC), radical scavenging activity (RSA), oxidative stability index (OSI), fatty acid composition and Maillard reaction products (MRPs). MW roasting at 540 W for 10 min significantly increased the oil yield, TPC, OSI, RSA, a* value, browning index, carotenoid and chlorophyll contents while decreased the L* and b* values of flaxseed oil (FSO). MRPs were detected only in oil of flaxseeds roasted at 540 W for 10 min. The level of stearic, palmitic, oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic acids were slightly changed and FTIR spectra showed minor variation in peak intensities of oils from different MW roasted flaxseeds. MW roasting (540 W for 10 min) is recommended for improving quality and stability characteristics of FSO.
The widespread use of wireless sensor devices and their advancements in terms of size, deployment cost and user-friendly interface have given rise to many applications of wireless sensor networks ...(WSNs). WSNs need to utilize routing techniques to forward data samples from event regions to sink via minimum cost links. Clustering is a commonly used data aggregation technique in which nodes are organized into groups in order to reduce the energy consumption. However, in clustering protocols, cluster-head (CH) has to bear an additional load for coordinating various activities within the cluster. Therefore, proper CH selection and their load balancing using efficient routing protocol is a critical aspect for the long-run operation of WSN. In this paper, genetic algorithm (GA)-based threshold-sensitive energy-efficient routing protocol (TERP) is proposed to prolong network lifetime. Multi-hop communication between CHs and base station (BS) is utilized using GA to achieve optimal link cost for load balancing of distant CHs and energy minimization. The paper also considers stability-aware model of TERP named stable TERP (STERP) so as to extend the stability period (time interval from initial time to the death of first node) of the network. In STERP, energy-aware heuristics is applied for CH selection in order to improve the stability period. Analysis and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed methodology significantly outperforms existing protocols in terms of energy consumption, system lifetime and stability period.
Tomato is a wonder fruit fortified with health-promoting phytochemicals that are beneficial in preventing important chronic degenerative disorders. Tomato is a good source of phenolic compounds ...(phenolic acids and flavonoids), carotenoids (lycopene, α, and β carotene), vitamins (ascorbic acid and vitamin A) and glycoalkaloids (tomatine). Bioactive constituents present in tomato have antioxidant, anti-mutagenic, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic activities. Health promoting bioactivities of tomatoes make them useful ingredient for the development of functional foods. Protective role of tomato (lycopene as a potent antioxidant) in humans against various degenerative diseases are known throughout the world. Intake of tomato is inversely related to the incidence of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, ageing and many other health problems. Bioavailability of phytoconstituents in tomato is generally not affected by routine cooking processes making it even more beneficial for human consumption. The present review provides collective information of phytochemicals in tomato along with discussing their bioactivities and possible health benefits.
•DA and IR roasting showed impact on BCS oil yield and chemical properties.•Roasting favored pigment transfer and changed the color of BCS oil.•DA roasting was more effective than IR roasting in ...improving oil quality.•HMF, BI, and OSI were increased by DA roasting at high temperature.•Recommended DA roasting condition is 180 °C for 10 min.
Black cumin seed (BCS) is a novel oil source with potential health benefits. This study investigates the influence of infrared (IR) and dry air (DA) roasting (140, 160 and 180 °C for 5 and 10 min) on BCS oil quality characteristics. Results revealed that the oxidative stability index (OSI), Maillard reaction products (MRPs), chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were increased while acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV) and color values were decreased in DA roasted (180°C for 10 min) BCS oil compared to other DA and IR treatments. DA and IR roasting slightly influenced the fatty acid composition (FAC) of BCS oils. FTIR spectra showed minor changes in peak intensities (at 2854, 2929 and 3008 cm−1) of DA and IR roasted BCS oils. DA roasting proved more effective than IR roasting. The oil from the DA roasted BCS at 180°C for 10 min had significantly higher oil quality and oxidative stability.
Multilevel Inverters (MLIs) are becoming more and more popular in medium and high power applications. This is due to several inherent advantages of MLI over two-level inverters such as high-quality ...output, lower device ratings, and several others. While the classical topologies are still having applications in most of the key areas, there is a growing interest in newer multilevel topologies with an objective of reducing power semiconductor device count, gate drivers and/or isolated DC sources. In this paper, a comprehensive review of some of the recently proposed newer multilevel inverter topologies with the abovementioned objectives is presented. In this article, a detailed investigation in terms of total power semiconductor switch count, number of DC sources, passive component requirement, highest switch voltage rating, total standing voltage etc. has been presented.
Nature-inspired algorithms are becoming popular among researchers due to their simplicity and flexibility. The nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithms are analysed in terms of their key features ...like their diversity and adaptation, exploration and exploitation, and attractions and diffusion mechanisms. The success and challenges concerning these algorithms are based on their parameter tuning and parameter control. A comparatively new algorithm motivated by the social hierarchy and hunting behavior of grey wolves is Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), which is a very successful algorithm for solving real mechanical and optical engineering problems. In the original GWO, half of the iterations are devoted to exploration and the other half are dedicated to exploitation, overlooking the impact of right balance between these two to guarantee an accurate approximation of global optimum. To overcome this shortcoming, a modified GWO (mGWO) is proposed, which focuses on proper balance between exploration and exploitation that leads to an optimal performance of the algorithm. Simulations based on benchmark problems and WSN clustering problem demonstrate the effectiveness, efficiency, and stability of mGWO compared with the basic GWO and some well-known algorithms.
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