Meningococcal antigens (MA) showed adjuvant activity when administered to mice at the same time as antigen (sheep erythrocyte (SE, by increasing the splenocyte plaque-forming response in a ...dose-related manner. However, when SE were given 1 day after MA administration, the subsequent plaque formation was diminished from normal in proportion to the dose of MA injected. Splenocytes taken from mice up to 5 days after MA injection actively inhibited plaque formation when mixed with splenocytes immunized with SE 4 days earlier. Two days after MA injection the nonspecific inhibition of plaque formation was mainly due to adherent spleen cells, while at 5 days nonadherent cells had acquired the inhibitory activity. It appears that it is the degree of activation of adherent cells resulting from the timing and dosage of MA which modulates the subsequent development and secretion of antibody-forming cells.
The burden on military medical services in handling burn casualties is daunting as all physiological systems become affected. Severe burns in a battlefield setting have a very low salvage rate, to a ...great degree because of the immune failure which invariably develops. Evaluations of responses of lymphocytes taken from burn patients over several weeks following the burn (> 30% total burn surface area), have revealed that the immune failure which follows thermal injury involves T-cell activation events. Interleukin 2, which is normally produced by activated T lymphocytes, is very poorly produced by cells cultivated in vitro taken from non-surviving patients, whereas some production continues, although at below normal levels, in patients who ultimately survive their injury. IL2 exogenously added to lymphocyte cultures enhances the proliferation of cells from surviving patients but gives no such help to cells from non-survivors. The TAC portion of the IL2 receptor (IL2R alpha), expressed on the T-cell surface, appears to be responsible for this difference, as the number of lymphocytes able to express IL2R alpha falls post-burn. A lipid protein complex (LPC) produced in skin by burning has been shown to inhibit the immune response in vivo and the growth of IL2-dependent lymphocytes in culture. Cerium nitrate, applied topically to the burn patient, is thought to fix the LPC in the burn eschar and prevent its entry into the circulation. In a study of ten patients, bathed in cerium nitrate, some T-lymphocyte activities were found to be in the normal range rather than suppressed.
Pottery and Metalwork Bispham, Edward
Edinburgh Companion to Ancient Greece and Rome,
07/2006
Book Chapter
Utensils in the Greek and Roman worlds were made of a variety of materials: skins, wood, reeds, clay, bronze, silver, gold, ivory, glass, etc. Some of these containers were fashioned for their ...contents (both liquid and solid: oil, wine, water, perfume, wheat, fish and so on), others for their usefulness as jugs, cups, bowls etc. Time and the destructive work of human hands have reduced both the bulk and the relative balance of this variety.
Baked clay, being indestructible and virtually useless when broken (but see below), now vastly out-numbers the remains of all the other materials. Through excavations that
Measures, Weights and Money Bispham, Edward
Edinburgh Companion to Ancient Greece and Rome,
07/2006
Book Chapter
In antiquity cheating over measures in the market-place was commonplace, as measures could not be made as accurately as we demand. The modern measurements given below should be treated as overprecise ...approximations. There were localised systems of metrology (measurement) and variation in dialects between the Greek city-states and between different communities in Italy (between Latin-speaking Rome and Oscan-speaking Pompeii, for example), so the spelling also varied. The terms were used for centuries, but the denominations, values and weights do not correspond throughout antiquity. It should also be noted that many words such aspous, digiti, chous, amphora, urnahave other
Time-charts Bispham, Edward
Edinburgh Companion to Ancient Greece and Rome,
07/2006
Book Chapter
The volumes ofCambridge Ancient History(2nd edn, 1970–) and E. J. Bickerman,Chronology of the Ancient World(2nd edn, 1980), provide some of the fullest data. The chronology of the classical world is ...constantly being revised, usually in small ways, in the face of new evidence and new interpretations of old evidence. Through lack of historical support the dates relating to the earlier centuries are the least precise, but those at the close of antiquity also suffer from a similar lack of data. Against many of the dates in these lists ‘c.’ for ‘circa’ has been inserted, but
Sites and Features Bispham, Edward
Edinburgh Companion to Ancient Greece and Rome,
07/2006
Book Chapter
At the beginning of the period covered by this book (c. 1000 bc) the settlements spread across Greece and Asia Minor, Italy and Sicily, were at the mercy of the physical conditions prevailing: the ...nature of the landscape, the fertility of the soil, the climate, the difficulty of land and sea travel. They were small in size and closed to all but their neighbours. Their strategy relied on subsistence farming and the ability of the inhabitants to defend themselves against raids and invasions. Before the end of the period (c. ad 500) the Graeco-Roman world had expanded over three continents,
