Autori u radu nastoje dati pregled programa Erasmus+ i mogućnosti razmjene u svrhu studiranja i obavljanja stručne prakse u inozemstvu u području visokog obrazovanja. U radu se analizira utjecaj ...programa Erasmus+ na turizam mladih, odnosno njegov utjecaj na studente i njihov doprinos turističkoj i ostalim djelatnostima zemlje u kojoj su odlučili boraviti. U radu je prikazan nastanak i razvoj programa Erasmus+ te je također izložena usporedba sudionika programa Erasmus za razdoblje od 1987. do 2019. godine. Konačno, poseban dio rada posvećen je i novonastaloj situaciji uzrokovanoj pandemijom COVID-19 i njezinom utjecaju na inozemnu razmjenu studenata i mobilnost mladih.
In this paper, the authors attempt to provide an overview of the Erasmus+ programme and exchange opportunities aimed at studying or completing traineeships abroad in the area of higher education. The paper analyses the impact of the Erasmus+ programme on youth tourism, in other words, its impact on students and their contribution to tourism and other economic activities of the host country. We provide insight into the introduction and development of the Erasmus+ programme, as well as present a comparison of participants in the Erasmus programme in the period from 1987 to 2019. Finally, a special part of the paper is dedicated to the newly created situation caused by the Covid-19 pandemic and its impact on international student exchange and youth mobility.
Cilj: Ciljevi su ovog istraživanja ispitati utjecaj devetomjesečnog programa vježbanja na snagu stiska šake i antropometrijske parametre žena u menopauzi. Ispitanici i metode: Istraživanje je ...obuhvatilo 122 žene u menopauzi. Ispitanice su zatim podijeljene u dvije skupine: skupina koja vježba (n = 94) i kontrolna skupina (n = 28). Svaka je ispitanica izmjerena dva puta, na početku programa vježbanja od devet mjeseci i na kraju, dok su ispitanice kontrolne skupine izmjerene samo jednom. Svakoj su ispitanici izmjereni tjelesna težina, tjelesna visina, indeks tjelesne mase (engl. Body Mass Indeks; BMI), opseg struka i bokova, omjer opsega struka i bokova (engl. Waist hip ratio; WHR), kao i snaga stiska desne i lijeve šake. Rezultati: Prema rezultatima ovog istraživanja ispitanice koje su uključene u program vježbanja pokazuju značajnu razliku BMI (p < 0,05) i WHR (p < 0,05) u odnosu na mjerenje provedeno na početku vježbanja. Također, rezultati snage stiska šake pokazuju statistički značajne razlike između prvog i drugog mjerenja (p < 0,05). Prosječna vrijednost stiska desne šake na kraju vježbanja je 26,03 ± 5,04 kg, što je značajno veće u odnosu na prvo mjerenje 24,51 ± 5,68 kg. Isto tako, snaga stiska lijeve šake nakon drugog mjerenja iznosila je 24,7 ± 5,11 kg, što je značajno veće u odnosu na prvo mjerenje 23,39 ± 5,77 kg. Zaključak: Aktivno vježbanje dovodi do poboljšanja snage stiska obiju šaka nakon završenog programa vježbanja u trajanju od devet mjeseci. Kod svih je ispitanica pronađena značajna razlika BMI i WHR na kraju provedenog programa vježbanja, što upućuje na pozitivan utjecaj vježbi otpora na antropometrijske karakteristike žena u menopauzi.
Aim: The present study examined the effects of a 9 months exercise program on the handgrip strength and anthropometric parameters in postmenopausal women. Participants and methods: The study included 122 postmenopausal women divided into the exercise group (n=94) and the control group (n=28). Each participant was assessed prior and after 9 months of rhe exercise program performed. The control group was tested only once. Anthropometric parameters including body height, body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumferences, and waist to hip ratio (WHR), as well as the handgrip strength were measured. Results: According to the results of this study, the participants included in the exercise program showed a significant difference between BMI (p<0.05) and WHR (p<0.05) compared to the measurement performed at the beginning of exercise. Also, statistically significant differences (p<0.05) were found in the handgrip strength between the first and second measurements. The right handgrip strength at the end of the exercise program was 26.03±5.04 kg, which is significantly higher compared to the first measurement of 24.51±5.68 kg. In addition, the left handgrip strength after the second measurement was 24.7±5.11 kg, which is significantly higher compared to the first measurement of 23.39±5.77 kg. Conclusion: Results suggest that a 9-month exercise program leads to an improvement in the handgrip strength. Furthermore, a significant difference between BMI and WHR was found in all participants at the end of the exercise program, which indicates a positive impact of resistance exercise on the anthropometric characteristics of postmenopausal women.
Maize silage (MS) is one of the most important energy forage used in ruminant diets because of its high energy content and good palatability. It can be fed as a sole feed or as a component of the ...ration for dairy and beef cattle. The aim of this paper is to review results published on maize crop maturity and cutting height in relation to yield and quality of MS with respect to dairy and beef cattle performance. As MS cutting height increases, dry matter yield (DM) decreases, but quality (MS) and animal performance increase, which is related to larger proportion of less digestible stalk remaining in the field. Higher cutting height of MS results in lower neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content, higher milk production and consequently lower milk fat (MF) content. MS maturity has a positive effect on animal performance up to a DM content of 280 – 330 g kg-1 fresh sample. Thereafter, DM intake, daily milk production (DMP) and crude protein content (CP) in milk mostly decrease or remain the same, as well as daily live weight gain (LWG) of beef cattle due to lower digestibility of organic matter (OM), starch and NDF in MS with higher DM content. It can be concluded that the cutting height and maturity of maize crop represent a kind of a compromise between DM and the starch content in MS, the fibre content necessary to maintain the function and health of the digestive system of ruminants, and the nutrient content of the feed to achieve maximum animal performance.
Kukuruzna silaža (KS) je jedno od glavnih energetskih krmiva koja se koriste u hranidbi preživača zbog visokog sadržaja energije i visoke palatabilnosti. Može se koristiti kao jedino krmivo ili kao komponenta obroka za mliječna i tovna goveda. Cilj ovog rada je dati pregled objavljenih rezultata istraživanja zrelosti usjeva kukuruza za siliranje i visine košnje na proizvodnost mliječnih i tovnih goveda. S povećanjem visine košnje usjeva kukuruza za siliranje smanjuje se prinos suhe tvari (ST) KS, povećava se kvaliteta KS kao i proizvodnost životinja uglavnom radi veće kvalitete KS. Veća visina košnje KS rezultira nižim sadržajem neutralnih detergent vlakana (NDV), većom proizvodnjom mlijeka i posljedično nižim sadržajem mliječne masti (MM) u mlijeku. Zrelost KS pozitivno utječe na proizvodnost životinja do sadržaja ST od 280 – 330 g kg-1 svježeg uzorka, nakon čega se dnevna konzumacija (ST), proizvodnja mlijeka i sadržaj SP u mlijeku uglavnom smanjuje ili ostaje isti kao i dnevni prirast goveda radi niže probavljivosti organske tvari (OT), škroba i NDV u KS većeg sadržaja ST. Može se zaključiti da visina košnje i zrelost usjeva kukuruza za siliranje predstavljaju svojevrsni kompromis između sadržaja ST i škroba u KS, sadržaja vlakana potrebnih za održavanje funkcije i zdravlja probavnog sustava preživača, te sadržaja hranjivih tvari u obroku za postizanje maksimalne proizvodnosti životinja.
Background. The current study was designed to reveal possible associations between the polymorphisms of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene (rs2010963) and its receptor, kinase insert ...domain-containing receptor (KDR) gene polymorphism (rs2071559), and markers of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients and Methods. 595 T2DM subjects and 200 control subjects were enrolled. The carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and plaque characteristics (presence and structure) were assessed ultrasonographically. Biochemical analyses were performed using standard biochemical methods. Genotyping of VEGF/KDR polymorphisms (rs2010963, rs2071559) was performed using KASPar assays. Results. Genotype distributions and allele frequencies of the VEGF/KDR polymorphisms (rs2010963, rs2071559) were not statistically significantly different between diabetic patients and controls. In our study, we demonstrated an association between the rs2071559 of KDR and either CIMT or the sum of plaque thickness in subjects with T2DM. We did not, however, demonstrate any association between the tested polymorphism of VEGF (rs2010963) and either CIMT, the sum of plaque thickness, the number of involved segments, hsCRP, the presence of carotid plaques, or the presence of unstable carotid plaques. Conclusions. In the present study, we demonstrated minor effect of the rs2071559 of KDR on markers of carotid atherosclerosis in subjects with T2DM.
The current study was designed to reveal possible associations between the polymorphisms of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene (rs2010963) and its receptor, kinase insert domain ...-containing receptor (KDR) gene polymorphism (rs2071559), and markers of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients and Methods. 595 T2DM subjects and 200 control subjects were enrolled. The carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and plaque characteristics (presence and structure) were assessed ultrasonographically. Biochemical analyses were performed using standard biochemical methods. Genotyping of VEGF/KDR polymorphisms (rs2010963, rs2071559) was performed using KASPar assays. Results. Genotype distributions and allele frequencies of the VEGF/KDR polymorphisms (rs2010963, rs2071559) were not statistically significantly different between diabetic patients and controls. In our study, we demonstrated an association between the rs2071559 of KDR and either CIMT or the sum of plaque thickness in subjects with T2DM. We did not, however, demonstrate any association between the tested polymorphism of VEGF (rs2010963) and either CIMT, the sum of plaque thickness, the number of involved segments, hsCRP, the presence of carotid plaques, or the presence of unstable carotid plaques. Conclusions. In the present study, we demonstrated minor effect of the rs2071559 of KDR on markers of carotid atherosclerosis in subjects with T2DM.
Background. The current study was designed to reveal possible associations between the polymorphisms of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene (rs2010963) and its receptor, kinase insert ...domain-containing receptor (KDR) gene polymorphism (rs2071559), and markers of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients and Methods. 595 T2DM subjects and 200 control subjects were enrolled. The carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and plaque characteristics (presence and structure) were assessed ultrasonographically. Biochemical analyses were performed using standard biochemical methods. Genotyping of VEGF/KDR polymorphisms (rs2010963, rs2071559) was performed using KASPar assays. Results. Genotype distributions and allele frequencies of the VEGF/KDR polymorphisms (rs2010963, rs2071559) were not statistically significantly different between diabetic patients and controls. In our study, we demonstrated an association between the rs2071559 of KDR and either CIMT or the sum of plaque thickness in subjects with T2DM. We did not, however, demonstrate any association between the tested polymorphism of VEGF (rs2010963) and either CIMT, the sum of plaque thickness, the number of involved segments, hsCRP, the presence of carotid plaques, or the presence of unstable carotid plaques. Conclusions. In the present study, we demonstrated minor effect of the rs2071559 of KDR on markers of carotid atherosclerosis in subjects with T2DM.
Background. The current study was designed to reveal possible associations between the polymorphisms of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene (rs2010963) and its receptor, kinase insert ...domain-containing receptor (KDR) gene polymorphism (rs2071559), and markers of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients and Methods. 595 T2DM subjects and 200 control subjects were enrolled. The carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and plaque characteristics (presence and structure) were assessed ultrasonographically. Biochemical analyses were performed using standard biochemical methods. Genotyping of VEGF/KDR polymorphisms (rs2010963, rs2071559) was performed using KASPar assays. Results. Genotype distributions and allele frequencies of the VEGF/KDR polymorphisms (rs2010963, rs2071559) were not statistically significantly different between diabetic patients and controls. In our study, we demonstrated an association between the rs2071559 of KDR and either CIMT or the sum of plaque thickness in subjects with T2DM. We did not, however, demonstrate any association between the tested polymorphism of VEGF (rs2010963) and either CIMT, the sum of plaque thickness, the number of involved segments, hsCRP, the presence of carotid plaques, or the presence of unstable carotid plaques. Conclusions. In the present study, we demonstrated minor effect of the rs2071559 of KDR on markers of carotid atherosclerosis in subjects with T2DM.
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