The darker side of travel Sharpley, Richard; Stone, Philip R
2009., 2009, 2009-08-25, Volume:
41
eBook
This book is a contemporary and comprehensive analysis of dark tourism. Drawing on existing literature, numerous examples and introducing new conceptual perspectives, it develops a theoretically ...informed foundation for examining the demand for and supply of dark tourism experiences.
Tissue-resident macrophages are heterogeneous as a consequence of anatomical niche–specific functions. Many populations self-renew independently of bone marrow in the adult, but the molecular ...mechanisms of this are poorly understood. We determined a transcriptional profile for the major self-renewing population of peritoneal macrophages in mice. These cells specifically expressed the transcription factor Gata6. Selective deficiency of Gata6 in myeloid cells caused substantial alterations in the transcriptome of peritoneal macrophages. Gata6 deficiency also resulted in dysregulated peritoneal macrophage proliferative renewal during homeostasis and in response to inflammation, which was associated with delays in the resolution of inflammation. Our investigations reveal that the tissue macrophage phenotype is under discrete tissue-selective transcriptional control and that this is fundamentally linked to the regulation of their proliferation renewal.
Tourist experience Sharpley, Richard; Stone, Philip R
c2010., 2011, 20101004, 2010, 2010-06-01, 2010-10-04, Volume:
19
eBook
To consume tourism is to consume experiences. An understanding of the ways in which tourists experience the places and people they visit is therefore fundamental to the study of the consumption of ...tourism. Consequently, it is not surprising that attention has long been paid in the tourism literature to particular perspectives on the tourist experience, including demand factors, tourist motivation, typologies of tourists and issues related to authenticity, commodification, image and perception. However, as tourism has continued to expand in both scale and scope, and as tourists’ needs and expectations have become more diverse and complex in response to transformations in the dynamic socio-cultural world of tourism, so too have tourist experiences.
Tourist Experience provides a focused analysis into tourist experiences that reflect their ever-increasing diversity and complexity, and their significance and meaning to tourists themselves. Written by leading international scholars, it offers new insights into emergent behaviours, motivations and sought meanings on the part of tourists based on five contemporary themes determined by current research activity in tourism experience: dark tourism experiences, experiencing poor places, sport tourism experiences, writing the tourist experience and researching tourist experiences: methodological approaches.
The book critically explores these experiences from multidisciplinary perspectives and includes case studies from a wide range of geographical regions. By analyzing these contemporary tourist experiences, the book will provide further understanding of the consumption of tourism.
Introduction: thinking about the tourist experience Richard Sharpley & Philip R. Stone Chapter 1 Ways of conceptualising the tourist experience: a review of literature Chris Ryan Section 1 Dark tourism experiences: mediating between life and death Philip R. Stone Chapter 2 Exploring the conceptual and analytical framing of dark tourism: from darkness to intentionality Tazim Jamal & Linda Lelo Chapter 3 Thanatourism and the commodification of space in post-war Croatia and Bosnia Tony Johnston Section 2 Experiencing poor places: introduction Chapter 4 Slumming – empirical results and oberservational-theoretical considerations on the backgrounds of township, favela and slum tourism Manfred Rolfes Chapter 5 Rights-based tourism – tourist engagement in social change, globalised social movements, and endogenous development in Cuba Rochelle Spencer Chapter 6 Tourists’ photographic gaze: the case of Rio de Janeiro favelas Palloma Menezes Section 3 Sport tourism experiences: introduction Chapter 7 ‘Sporting’ new attractions? The commodification of the sleeping stadium Sean Gammon Chapter 8 Understanding sport tourism experiences: exploring the participant-spectator nexus Richard Shipway & Naomi Kirkup Chapter 9 We are family: IGLFA World Championships, London 2008 Mac McCarthy Section 4 Writing the tourist experience: introduction Chapter 10 Creating your own Shetland: Tourist narratives from travelogues to blogs Emma-Reetta Koivunen Chapter 11 Narrating travel experiences: the role of new media Ulrike Gretzel, Daniel R. Fesenmaier, Yoon Jung Lee & Iis Tussyadiah Chapter 12 Learning from travel experiences: a system for analysing reflective learning in journals S Quinlan Cutler & Barbara A Carmichael Section 5 Researching tourist experiences: methodological approaches Chapter 13 Qualitative method research and the ‘tourism experience: a methodological perspective applied in a heritage setting Mary Beth Gouthro Chapter 14 Exploring space, the senses and sensitivities: spatial knowing Martine C Middleton Chapter 15 Kohlberg's Stages: Informing responsible tourist behavior Davina Stanford
Richard Sharpley is Professor of Tourism and Development at the University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK. He has previously held positions at a number of other institutions, including the University of Northumbria (Reader in Tourism) and the University of Lincoln, where he was professor of Tourism and Head of Department, Tourism and Recreation Management. His principal research interests are within the fields of tourism and development, island tourism, rural tourism and the sociology of tourism, and his books include Tourism and Development in the Developing World (2008), Tourism, Tourists and Society, 4 th Edition (2008) and Tourism, Development and Environment: Beyond Sustainability (2009).
Philip Stone is a former Management Consultant within the tourism and hospitality sector, and is presently employed as a Senior Lecturer with the University of Central Lancashire (UCLan), UK. He teaches tourism, hospitality and event management at undergraduate and postgraduate level. Philip is also founder and Editor of The Dark Tourism Forum, the premier online dark tourism subject resource facility and global alliance of scholars and industry practitioners (see www.dark-tourism.org.uk ). His primary research interests revolve around dark tourism consumption and its relationship with contemporary society. He has published in a number of international academic journals, presented at a variety of international conferences and, with Richard Sharpley, is co-editor of The Darker Side of Travel: The Theory and Practice of Dark Tourism (2009).
Dark tourism is an appellation defining travel to a diverse array of tourist sites that portray death, disasters, or calamities. For over 25 years, dark tourism as an international subject of ...scholarly interest has drawn together multidisciplinary discourse, where the dominion of the dead collides with contemporary touristic consumption. In turn, dark tourism has opened scholarly scrutiny of our significant Other dead and how societies deal with difficult heritage. Consequently, dark tourism is about polysemic touristic encounters with our memorialized dead, where a fine line exists between commemoration and commercialism. Dark tourism is inherently political and dissonant, as (re)presentations of our dead are imbued with sociopolitical bias and where remembrance is politically engineered and hegemonically orchestrated. Whereas heritage may produce narratives for dark tourism, it is the tourist experience that consumes such messages and co-constructs meaning making. Indeed, dark tourism displays our fights, follies, failures, and misfortunes, and subsequent tourist experiences of our ‘heritage that hurts’ mediates a sense of mortality at places of fatality.
Certain kinds of death that have been touristified and packaged as commodities have been referred to as 'dark tourism'. It is here where tragic memories are retailed as kitsch mementos in a society ...of the spectacle. Whilst death has long been an article of trade, commodification within dark tourism, including kitschification and semiotic appropriation of icons, and its interrelationship with placemaking has been overlooked in the literature. The purpose of our paper, therefore, is to outline the spectacle of atrocity and, in so doing, explore commercialisation of the dead within visitor economies. Drawing upon notions of commodification, placemaking, kitschification and semiotics, we construct an original conceptual model in order to lay a scholarly route map for future empirical research. To provide specific contextualisation, we offer a mini-case study from the 2017 terrorist attack at the Ariana Grande concert and its subsequent 'tragic placemaking' of Manchester, UK. Ultimately, we lay down theoretical foundations upon which future dark tourism commodification and placemaking studies can be located, augmented, and empirically explored.
While dark tourism aimed at adults reminds them of past tragic fights, faults and follies, thousands of children and youth also consume inherent memorial messages at dark tourism sites. This paper ...addresses these unnoticed childhood encounters, about which scholarly discourse remains conspicuously silent. At present, dark tourism research focuses almost exclusively on adults and does not adequately explain young tourists’ experiences. How children experience dark tourism sites has much to do with their understanding of death. Because younger children may not possess an adult-like knowledge of death, they are unable to experience a site as dark. Other theoretical disparities include children’s limited agency in choosing their destinations and their unique and often playful exploration of dark places. To address the inadequacy of current dark tourism conceptualisations, we propose a new framework to encourage scholarly interrogation of children’s experiences at dark tourism sites. Drawing from multiple sources including archival studies and original research with youth, we offer a rationale for considering four major, intersecting influences on a young tourist’s experience: understanding of death, visit preparation (at home or in school), site and interpretation features and dynamics of the specific visit (e.g. group membership, norms and itinerary). Ultimately, this paper uncovers potential research avenues to bring children’s perspectives and experiences to the core of dark tourism research.
Death is universal, yet dying is not. Consequently, within contemporary secularised society, the process of dying has largely been relocated from the familiar environs of the family and community to ...a back region of medical and death industry professionals. It is argued that this institutional sequestration of death has made modern dying 'bad' against a romantic portrayal of a death with dignity, or a 'good' death. Moreover, the structural analysis of death reveals issues of ontological security and mortality meaning for the Self. This paper, therefore, adds to that analysis, and specifically examines the construction of mortality meaning within the context of dark tourism - that is, the act of travel to sites of death, disaster or the seemingly macabre. Particularly, the research interrogates the Body Worlds exhibition - a touring attraction of real human corpses - as a reflective space to mediate mortality. In doing so, this paper concludes that dark tourism is a new mediating institution that allows the Self to construct contemporary ontological meanings of mortality and to contemplate both life and death through consumption of the Significant Other Dead.
Explosions are spectacular and intriguing phenomena that expose the dynamics of matter under extreme conditions. We investigated, using time-resolved imaging, explosions induced by ultraintense X-ray ...laser pulses in water drops and jets. Our observations revealed an explosive vaporization followed by high-velocity interacting ows of liquid and vapour, and by the generation of shock trains in the liquid jets. These ows are dierent from those previously observed in laser ablation, owing to a simpler spatial pattern of X-ray absorption. We show that the explosion dynamics in our experiments is consistent with a redistribution of absorbed energy, mediated by a pressure or shock wave in the liquid, and we model the eects of explosions, including their adverse impact on X-ray laser experiments. X-ray laser explosions have predictable dynamics that may prove useful for controlling the state of pure liquids over broad energy scales and timescales, and for triggering pressure-sensitive molecular dynamics in solutions.
Most experimental studies of cavitation in liquid water at negative pressures reported cavitation at tensions significantly smaller than those expected for homogeneous nucleation, suggesting that ...achievable tensions are limited by heterogeneous cavitation. We generated tension pulses with nanosecond rise times in water by reflecting cylindrical shock waves, produced by X-ray laser pulses, at the internal surface of drops of water. Depending on the X-ray pulse energy, a range of cavitation phenomena occurred, including the rupture and detachment, or spallation, of thin liquid layers at the surface of the drop. When spallation occurred, we evaluated that negative pressures below −100 MPa were reached in the drops. We model the negative pressures from shock reflection experiments using a nucleation-and-growth model that explains how rapid decompression could outrun heterogeneous cavitation in water, and enable the study of stretched water close to homogeneous cavitation pressures.
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