•Deep learning models have excellent performance for estimating ETo beyond study areas.•Temporal convolution neural network outperformed markedly empirical equations.•T-test method was used to test ...the performance of proposed models.•Temporal convolution neural network outperformed classical machine learning models.
To evaluate the performance of deep learning methods (DL) for reference evapotranspiration estimation and to assess the applicability of the developed DL models beyond the study areas where they were trained, three popular DL models named deep neural network (DNN), temporal convolution neural network (TCN), and long short-term memory neural network (LSTM) were developed to estimate daily reference evapotranspiration (ETo) using incomplete meteorological data in the Northeast plain, China. The performances of the three DL models were compared to two classical machine learning models (CML)—support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF)—and empirical equations, including two temperature-based (Hargreaves (H) and modified Hargreaves (MH)), three radiation-based (Ritchie (R), Priestley-Talor (P), and Makkink (M)), and two humidity-based (Romanenko (ROM) and Schendel (S)) empirical models, in two strategies: (1) all proposed models were trained, tested, and compared in each single weather station, and (2) all-weather stations were split into several groups using the K-means method with their mean climatic characteristics. Then, in each group, stations took turns testing the proposed models which were trained by rest of the stations. The results showed that (1) the coefficient of determination (R2) values of the TCN and RF were 0.048 and 0.035 significantly higher than that of MH, respectively, and the relative root mean error (RMSE) values of TCN and RF were substantially 0.096, and 0.074 mm/d lower than that of MH, indicating that TCN and RF performed better than empirical models in the first strategy, and TCN and LSTM exhibited an RMSE that was significantly decreased by 0.069 and 0.079 mm/d, showing that TCN and LSTM outperformed empirical models in the second strategy, compared with the MH method; (2) in both strategies, compared with the Ritchie (R) model, TCN, LSTM, DNN, RF, and SVM increased R2 and decreased RMSE significantly, especially the TCN model; (3) similarly, TCN, LSTM, DNN, RF, and SVM models all augmented R2 and reduced RMSE substantially in comparison to humidity-based empirical models in both strategies, especially the TCN model. Overall, when temperature-based features were available, the TCN and LSTM models performed markedly better than temperature-based empirical models beyond the study areas, and when radiation-based or humidity-based features were available, all of the proposed DL and CML models outperformed radiation-based or humidity-based empirical equations beyond the study areas in which they were trained.
A
bstract
With the help of Young tensor technique, we enumerate the complete and independent set of effective operators up to
dim
-8 for the extension of the standard model with a Goldstone boson by ...further imposing the Adler’s zero condition in the soft momentum limit. Such basis can be reduced to describe the axion or majoron effective Lagrangian if further (symmetry) constraints are imposed. Then reformulating dark photon as combination of Goldstone boson and transverse gauge boson, the effective operators of the Goldstone boson can be extended to effective chiral Lagrangian description of the dark photon. For the first time we obtain 0 (0), 6 (44), 1 (1), 44 (356), 32 (520) operators in Goldstone effective field theory, and 9 (49), 0 (0), 108 (676), 10 (426), 1904 (40783) operators in dark photon effective field theory at the dimension 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 for one (three) generation of fermions.
A
bstract
The standard model can be extended to include weakly-interacting light particle (WILP): real or complex singlet scalar with a conserved U(1) charge, Majorana or Dirac neutral fermion, ...neutral or hidden-charged vector boson, etc. Imposing the
Z
2
symmetry, these particles can be lifted as the weakly-interacting massive particle (WIMP), the candidate of dark matter. Instead, imposing the shift symmetry on the scalar components gives rise to the axion-like particle, dark photon, etc. Utilizing these light degrees of freedom along with the standard model particles and imposing different symmetries, we construct the complete and independent sets of effective operators up to dimension eight with the Young tensor technique, consistent with counting from the Hilbert series.
A
bstract
We enumerate the complete and independent sets of operators at the next-to-leading order (NLO) in the Higgs effective field theory (HEFT), based on the Young tensor technique on the ...Lorentz, gauge, and flavor structures. The operator-amplitude correspondence tells a type of operator forms the on-shell amplitude basis, and for operators involved in Nambu-Goldstone bosons, the amplitude basis is further reduced to the subspace satisfying the Adler zero condition in the soft momentum limit. Different from dynamical fields, the spurion should not enter into the Lorentz sector, instead, it only plays the role of forming the SU(2) invariant together with other dynamical fields. With these new treatments, for the first time, we could obtain the 224 (7704) operators for one (three) generation fermions, 295 (11307) with right-handed neutrinos, and find there were 8 (11) terms of operators missing and many redundant operators can be removed in the effective theory without (with) right-handed neutrinos.
Inspired by natural autonomous systems that demonstrate controllable shape, appearance, and actuation under external stimuli, a facile preparation of moisture responsive graphene‐based smart ...actuators by unilateral UV irradiation of graphene oxide (GO) papers is reported. UV irradiation of GO is found to be an effective protocol to trigger the reduction of GO; however, due to the limited light transmittance and thermal relaxation, thick GO paper cannot be fully reduced. Consequently, by tuning the photoreduction gradient, anisotropic GO/reduced GO (RGO) bilayer structure can be easily prepared toward actuation application. To get better control over the responsive properties, GO/RGO bilayer paper with a certain curvature and RGO patterns are successfully prepared for actuator design. As representative examples, smart humidity‐driven graphene actuators that mimic the cilia of respiratory tract and tendril climber plant are successfully developed for controllable objects transport.
A facile preparation of graphene actuators by unilateral UV irradiation of graphene oxide (GO) papers is reported. Anisotropic GO/reduced GO bilayer paper can be directly prepared by controlling the photoreduction gradient. As typical examples, smart humidity‐driven graphene actuators that mimic the cilia of respiratory tract and the tendril climber plant are developed for object transport.
A
bstract
For the first time, we list the complete and independent set of operators at the next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) in the Higgs effective field theory (HEFT). The Young tensor technique ...utilized in this work guarantees the completeness and independence of the on-shell amplitude basis while the Adler zero condition imposes non-linear symmetry on the Nambu-Goldstone bosons that play the central role in the chiral Lagrangian. The spurion fields are incorporated into the gauge structure of operators following the Littlewood-Richardson rule to accommodate custodial symmetry breaking. We construct 11506 (1927574) NNLO operators for one (three) flavor of fermions for the electroweak chiral Lagrangian with the light Higgs, and enumerate 8065(1179181) operators for one (three) flavor of fermions when the right-handed neutrino is absent by Hilbert series technique. Below the electroweak symmetry breaking scale, the dimension-8 standard model effective field theory (SMEFT) operators could be matched to these HEFT operators at both the NLO and NNLO orders.
Background
Emerging evidence suggested that miRNAs can function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors by regulating downstream target genes. miR-324-3p has been reported to function in several ...carcinomas, but its role in gastric cancer (GC) is still unknown. This study aims to explore the effects of miR-324-3p on the development of GC.
Methods
Expression of miR-324-3p was examined in GC cells and tissues by qRT-PCR. Effects of miR-324-3p on GC cells were evaluated by cell vitality assay, colony formation assay, cell migration assay, and flow cytometric assay. The dual luciferase assay was used to verify whether miR-324-3p could interact with the potential target genes. Western blot was used to assess the expression level of Smad4 and beta-catenin. Intracellular ATP level was also examined. The tumor xenografts were established using nude mice. A gastric organoid model was made from fresh stomach tissue.
Results
miR-324-3p was expressed at higher levels in the tumor tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. Overexpression of miR-324-3p promoted cell growth, migration, and decreased apoptosis. miR-324-3p repressed the expression of Smad4, and loss of Smad4 activated the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Overexpression of Smad4 rescued the effects of miR-324-3p on GC cells. The intracellular ATP level was upregulated with overexpression of miR-324-3p. miR-324-3p facilitated tumor cell colonization and growth in vivo and contributed to the growth of gastric organoids.
Conclusions
The results suggested that miR-324-3p promoted GC through activating the Smad4-mediated Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. The miR-324-3p/Smad4/Wnt signaling axis may be a potential therapeutic target to prevent GC progression.
A facile and cost‐effective preparation of moisture‐responsive graphene bilayer paper by focused sunlight irradiation is reported. The smart graphene paper shows moisture‐responsive properties due to ...selective adsorption of water molecules, leading to controllable actuation under humid conditions. In this way, graphene‐based moisture‐responsive actuators including a smart claw, an orientable transporter, and a crawler paper robot are successfully developed.
Reported here is a bioinspired fabrication of superhydrophobic graphene surfaces by means of two‐beam laser interference (TBLI) treatment of graphene oxide (GO) films. Microscale grating‐like ...structures with tunable periods and additional nanoscale roughness are readily created on graphene films due to laser induced ablation effect. Synchronously, abundant hydrophilic oxygen‐containing groups (OCGs) on GO sheets can be drastically removed after TBLI treatment, which lower its surface energy significantly. The synergistic effect of micro‐nanostructuring and the OCGs removal endows the resultant graphene films with unique superhydrophobicity. Additionally, dual TBLI treatment with 90° rotation is implemented to fabricate superhydrophobic graphene films with two‐dimensional grating‐like structures that can effectively avoid the anisotropic hydrophobicity originated from the grooved structures. Moreover, the superhydrophobic graphene films become conductive due to the laser reduction effect. Unique optical characteristics including transmission diffraction and brilliant structural color are also observed due to the presence of periodic microstructures. As a mask‐free, chemical‐free, and cost‐effective method, the TBLI processing of GO may open up a new way to biomimetic graphene surfaces, and thus hold great promise for the development of novel graphene‐based microdevices.
A bioinspired fabrication of superhydrophobic graphene surfaces by means of laser holographic treatment of graphene oxide (GO) films is presented. Microscale grating‐like structures with nanoscale roughness are created on graphene films, and hydrophilic oxygen groups on GO sheets are drastically removed. The synergistic effect endows the resultant graphene films with unique superhydrophobicity and unique optical properties that mimic butterfly wings.
Ni(OH)(2)/MnO(2) core-shell nanowires with a nanoflake surface have been designed and synthesized, and can be applied not only in neutral electrolytes (355 F g(-1), 70.4 wt% MnO(2)) but are also ...appropriate for alkaline electrolytes (487.4 F g(-1), 35.5 wt% MnO(2)), with high cycling stability due to the synergistic effect between the core and shell.
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