•Mass loss increased with increase of coal particle size during pyrolysis in TGA.•Effect of coal particle size and heating rate on the characteristic parameters of coal pyrolysis was ...distinguished.•Tin, Tmax and Tf displayed the logistic distribution along with heating rate up to 1000K/min.•The yields of all the gas species at maximum releasing rate enhanced with increasing the heating rate.•A mechanism corresponding to metaplast forming was proposed to explain the experimental results reasonably.
In this work, thermal behavior of five different coal particle fractions were investigated using thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) under various heating rates with the maximum of 1000K/min. An on–line Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) was employed to evaluate the evolution characteristics of the gaseous products. The results showed that the coal particle size remarkably affected the mass loss and the ash amount. The larger the particle size was, the higher mass loss and the more ash could be, which revealed its high pyrolysis reactivity. In addition, with increasing the particle size, the initial devolatilization temperature (Tin) and devolatilization index (Di) increased, whereas, the final devolatilization temperature (Tf) decreased. This phenomenon was explained by a proposed mechanism of the obstacle escaping of volatiles from the interparticles corresponding to forming large block unit of metaplast. The heating rate has significant effect on the performance of devolatilization profiles and gaseous products releasing. Tin, Tmax and Tf displayed the logistic distribution along with heating rate up to 1000K/min, whereas, Rmax and the heating rate were highly linear correlated with different particle fractions. The enhanced yield at maximum releasing rate for all the gas species were observed with increasing the heating rate. Moreover, the peak of maximum releasing rate on the evolving profiles of gaseous products became narrower and sharper, and releasing time of the gaseous products reduced extremely with increasing the heating rate. These findings can provide fundamental data for practical applications, plant designing, handling, and modeling of integrated coal fluidized bed gasification system as well as other coal fluidized bed pyrolysis/gasification process.
A novel multiple extraction (ME) process integrated heat reflux extraction (HRE) with cyclohexanone (CYC) followed by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone/CS2 (NMP/CS2) ...mixed solvent was developed for extraction of four different rank demineralized coals. Raw coals and their demineralized coals were evaluated by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analytical techniques to determine HCl/HF leaching on the properties and FTIR spectra of coals first. And then the demineralized coals as well as their extraction residues were studied using FTIR spectrometry and curve–fitting technique to clarify the performance of ME process and investigate the structural changes in coals during extraction. The results showed that acids treatment could remove most of the mineral matters in coals and did not seem to produce significant changes in IR spectra of the coals except for disappearance of those peaks caused by mineral matters. The removal of solvents soluble portions led to decrease in the amount of organic species containing CC vibration mode and carbon content in all coal samples. The alkyl side chains on aromatics of all coal samples except for NM lignite became longer and less branched after extraction according to the curve–fitting study in the region 3000–2700cm−1. In addition, it was found that the contents of carbon and organic portions containing CC vibration mode, CO bonds, and aliphatic hydrogen for SD, HLJ, and NX coals all decreased following the order of raw coal>extraction residue with CYC>extraction residue with NMP/CS2>extraction residue from ME process during extraction processes. This result inferred that the NMP/CS2 mixed solvent could only show good solubility to coals after they were initially extracted using CYC. Furthermore, the detectable concentration of hydroxy groups in coals increased after extraction, especially for the HRE process of NM coal with CYC.
•Acids leaching had no significant impact on the IR spectra of coals.•Contents of C and organic portions containing CC vibration mode in coals decreased after extraction.•Aliphatic chains in SD, HLJ and NX coals became longer after extraction.•Detectable content of hydroxy groups in coals increased after extraction processes.•ME with solvents in the order of CYC-NMP/CS2 was more effective than single step.
A highly selective, efficient and practical method for synthesizing primary alcohols was presented. By using cheap Fe(BF4)2 ⋅ 6H2O and /tris2‐(diphenylphosphino)phenylphosphine (L1) as catalysts with ...formic acid as hydrogen source, a variety of primary alcohols bearing versatile functional groups could be obtained from both alkyl‐ and aryl‐substituted epoxides under mild conditions.
Highly selective and efficient synthesis of primary alcohols from epoxides could be achieved under mild conditions by iron catalysis, this process used formic acid as hydrogen source and was suitable for both alkyl‐ and aryl‐substituted epoxides.
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic recurrent inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The conventional drugs for UC may induce severe side effects. Herbal medicine is considered as a complementary and ...alternative choice for UC.
This study aims to estimate the effect of natural polyphenol gallic acid (GA) on the NLRP3 inflammasome with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice.
The body weights and symptoms of BALB/c mice were recorded. Histological evaluation, ELISA, q-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting were carried out to observe the morphology, cytokine contents, mRNA expressions, and protein expressions, respectively. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophage was used to probe GA's effect on relative protein expression.
GA attenuated weight loss (
< 0.05), relieved symptoms, and ameliorated colonic morphological injury (
< 0.05) in mice with colitis induced by DSS. GA also lowered the contents of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33, and IFN-γ in the serum and colon of mice, which were elevated by DSS, downregulated protein, and mRNA expressions of the NLRP3 pathway in the colon tissue. Furthermore, GA downregulated the expressions of NLRP3 (
< 0.05), iNOS (
< 0.01), COX2 (
< 0.01), and P-p65 (
< 0.05), and suppressed NO release (
< 0.001) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells.
GA ameliorated DSS-induced UC in mice
inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome. These findings furnish evidence for the anti-inflammatory effect of herbal medicines containing GA on UC.
Peripherally-induced neuropathic pain (pNP) is a kind of NP that is common, frequent, and difficult to treat. Tuina, also known as massage and manual therapy, has been used to treat pain in China for ...thousands of years. It has been clinically proven to be effective in the treatment of pNP caused by cervical spondylosis, lumbar disc herniation, etc. However, its analgesic mechanism is still not clear and has been the focus of research. In this review, we summarize the existing research progress, so as to provide guidance for clinical and basic studies. The analgesic mechanism of tuina is mainly manifested in suppressing peripheral inflammation by regulating the TLR4 pathway and miRNA, modulating ion channels (such as P2X3 and piezo), inhibiting the activation of glial cells, and adjusting the brain functional alterations. Overall, tuina has an analgesic effect by acting on different levels of targets, and it is an effective therapy for the treatment of pNP. It is necessary to continue to study the mechanism of tuina analgesia.
Objective. To study the effects of the three methods and three-acupoint technique on DRG gene expression in SNI model rats and to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the three methods and ...three-acupoint technique on promoting recovery in peripheral nerve injury. Methods. 27 male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: a Sham group, the SNI group, and the Tuina group. The Tuina group was treated with a tuina manipulation simulator to simulate massage on points, controlling for both quality and quantity. Point-pressing, plucking, and kneading methods were administered quantitatively at Yinmen (BL37), Chengshan (BL57), and Yanglingquan (GB34) points on the affected side once a day, beginning 7 days after modeling. Intervention was applied once a day for 10 days, then 1 day of rest, followed by 10 more days of intervention, totally equaling 20 times of intervention. The effect of the three methods and three-point technique on the recovery of injured rats was evaluated using behavior analysis. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of differentially expressed genes in DRGs of the three groups of rats was also performed. GO and KEGG enrichment was analyzed and verified using real-time PCR. Results. RNA-Seq combined with database information showed that the number of differentially expressed genes in DRG was the largest in the Tuina group compared with the SNI group, totaling 226. GO function is enriched in the positive regulation of cell processes, ion binding, protein binding, neuron, response to pressure, response to metal ions, neuron projection, and other biological processes. GO function is also enriched in the Wnt, IL-17, and MAPK signaling pathways in the KEGG database. PCR results were consistent with those of RNA sequencing, suggesting that the results of transcriptome sequencing were reliable. Conclusion. The three methods and three-acupoint technique can promote the recovery of SNI model rats by altering the gene sequence in DRGs.
The tandem hydroformylation–acetalization of olefins with H2O as the hydrogen source was accomplished over an Ir(i)-catalyst using the phased warming strategy. Due to the release of protons by ...AlCl3-hydrolysis equilibrium, the tandem reaction was significantly enhanced. The conversion of 1-hexene was 100% and the selectivity for oxo-products was 89%, where 91% of acetals was obtained. Moreover, the hydrogenation by-products were detected to be less than 3%, showing that H2O as the hydrogen source inhibited the hydrogenation of olefins in this tandem reaction. Moreover, isotope-labeling experiments confirmed that water was the hydrogen source, and the key Ir–H active species for hydroformylation were captured by high-pressure 1H NMR spectroscopy analyses.
The novel non-metal-catalyzed hydroboration of epoxides has been devised to produce primary alcohols with exceptional yields and selectivity. Recognized as environmentally friendly options, both the ...homogeneous catalyst BF3·Et2O and the heterogeneous catalyst BF3/HY exhibited remarkable catalytic activities in this process. Notably, BF3·Et2O demonstrated excellent catalytic performance in the presence of HBpin at room temperature; various alkyl- and aryl-substituted primary alcohols could be detected with high yields. Based on the remarkable catalytic activity exhibited by BF3 species and our previous research on the supported solid acid catalyst BF3/HY, the evaluation of BF3/HY was subsequently conducted as a progression of our previous work. As anticipated, the effects of hydroboration proved to be ideal. Additionally, the results from heterogeneous catalytic reactions verified the recyclability and sustainability of BF3/HY for hydroboration. Specifically, high primary alcohol selectivity was detected in these above two systems, without any secondary alcohols present, and alcohols could be obtained without the need for acid or base hydrolysis reagents, as well as protracted hydrolysis procedures. All these findings provided innovative insights and methodologies for hydroboration of epoxides to alcohols.
Objective To analyze and describe the learning curve of radial artery catheterization under ultrasound-guided dynamic needle tip positioning (DNTP) by anesthesia residents in Peking Union Medical ...College Hospital and to explore the learning intensity of supervision practice required to master this technique. Methods From January 2018 to June 2018, the learning records of two anesthesia residents in the Peking Union Medical College Hospital who perform radial artery catheterization under ultrasound-guided DNTP technique were used to describe the learning curve of cumulative sum analysis (CUSUM). The learning intensities were explored to improve the attempts and time needed for successful catheterization, first-attempt and overall success rates. The evaluation indexes before and after reaching the learning intensity were compared. Results Taking the attempts and time needed for successful catheterization, and the first and overall success rate as the evaluation indexes, the learning intensity required for the t
To investigate the mechanism of the six-method massage antipyretic process (SMAP) and its influence on the body's metabolic state.
The random number table method was used to divide 24 New Zealand ...2-month-old rabbits with qualified basal body temperature into a control group, model group and massage group (n = 8 per group). The model group and massage groups were injected with 0.5 μg/ml lipopolysaccharide (1 ml/kg) into the auricular vein, and the control group was injected with the same amount of normal saline at the same temperature. One hour after modelling, the massage group was given SMAP (opening Tianmen, pushing Kangong, rubbing Taiyang, rubbing Erhougaogu, clearing the Tianheshui and pushing the spine). The change of anal temperature 5 h after moulding was recorded to clarify the antipyretic effect.
After modelling, the rectal temperature of the juvenile rabbits in the three groups increased. The rectal temperature of the model group was higher than that of the control group 5 h after modelling, and the rectal temperature of the massage group was lower than that of the model group (P < 0.05). The antipyretic mechanism is related to the regulation of the synthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, as well as the pentose phosphate pathway. Compared with the model group, the plasma interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, interferon-gamma, toll-like receptor 4, nuclear factor κB, the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, liver aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and l-glutamate dehydrogenase (L-GLDH) expression in the massage group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Compared with the model group, the massage group had significantly reduced AST, ALT and L-GLDH expression in plasma (P < 0.05).
The mechanism of SMAP therapy is related to regulating the expression of peripheral inflammatory factors and metabolic pathways.
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