In colloidal methods, the morphology of nanoparticles (size and shape) as well as their stability can be controlled by changing the concentration of the substrate, stabilizer, adding inorganic salts, ...changing the reducer/substrate molar ratio, and changing the pH and reaction time. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles was carried out according to the modified Lee and Meisel method in a wide pH range (from 2.0 to 11.0) using citric acid and malic acid, without adding any additives or stabilizers. Keeping the same reaction conditions as the concentration of acid and silver ions, temperature, and heating time, it was possible to determine the relationship between the reaction pH, the type of acid, and the size of the silver nanoparticles formed. Obtained colloids were analyzed by UV-Vis spectroscopy and investigated by means of Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The study showed that the colloids reduced with citric acid and malic acid are stable over time for a minimum of seven weeks. We observed that reactions occurred for citric acid from pH 6.0 to 11.0 and for malic acid from pH 7.0 to 11.0. The average size of the quasi-spherical nanoparticles changed with pH due to the increase of reaction rate.
In this study, we successfully prepared nine non-woven, supported polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes, using a phase inversion precipitation method, starting from a 15 wt % PVDF solution in
...-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Various membrane morphologies were obtained by using (1) PVDF polymers, with diverse molecular weights ranging from 300 to 700 kDa, and (2) different temperature coagulation baths (20, 40, and 60 ± 2 °C) used for the film precipitation. An environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) was used for surface and cross-section morphology characterization. An atomic force microscope (AFM) was employed to investigate surface roughness, while a contact angle (CA) instrument was used for membrane hydrophobicity studies. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results show that the fabricated membranes are formed by a mixture of TGTG' chains, in α phase crystalline domains, and all-TTTT trans planar zigzag chains characteristic to β phase. Moreover, generated results indicate that the phases' content and membrane morphologies depend on the polymer molecular weight and conditions used for the membranes' preparation. The diversity of fabricated membranes could be applied by the End User Industries for different applications.
The Historical Section of the Polish Pharmaceutical Society and Institute for the History of Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences have been organizing Reviews of master's theses in the field of ...the history of pharmacy since 2006. Two master’s theses were presented during the 16th Review. Sandra Fabianowska presented the topic of Antiepileptic medicines in the light of Polish medical journals from the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century (Poznań 2021). Katarzyna Maria Galon reported the work titled The problems of contemporary pharmacy in the pages of the "Aptekarz" journal in the years 1993-2006 (Warsaw 2021). The Historical Section of the Polish Pharmaceutical Society and Institute for the History of Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences have been organizing Reviews of master's theses in the field of the history of pharmacy since 2006. Two master’s theses were presented during the 16th Review. Sandra Fabianowska presented the topic of Antiepileptic medicines in the light of Polish medical journals from the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century (Poznań 2021). Katarzyna Maria Galon reported the work titled The problems of contemporary pharmacy in the pages of the "Aptekarz" journal in the years 1993-2006 (Warsaw 2021). The Historical Section of the Polish Pharmaceutical Society and Institute for the History of Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences have been organizing Reviews of master's theses in the field of the history of pharmacy since 2006. Two master’s theses were presented during the 16th Review. Sandra Fabianowska presented the topic of Antiepileptic medicines in the light of Polish medical journals from the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century (Poznań 2021). Katarzyna Maria Galon reported the work titled The problems of contemporary pharmacy in the pages of the "Aptekarz" journal in the years 1993-2006 (Warsaw 2021). The Historical Section of the Polish Pharmaceutical Society and Institute for the History of Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences have been organizing Reviews of master's theses in the field of the history of pharmacy since 2006. Two master’s theses were presented during the 16th Review. Sandra Fabianowska presented the topic of Antiepileptic medicines in the light of Polish medical journals from the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century (Poznań 2021). Katarzyna Maria Galon reported the work titled The problems of contemporary pharmacy in the pages of the "Aptekarz" journal in the years 1993-2006 (Warsaw 2021). The Historical Section of the Polish Pharmaceutical Society and Institute for the History of Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences have been organizing Reviews of master's theses in the field of the history of pharmacy since 2006. Two master’s theses were presented during the 16th Review. Sandra Fabianowska presented the topic of Antiepileptic medicines in the light of Polish medical journals from the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century (Poznań 2021). Katarzyna Maria Galon reported the work titled The problems of contemporary pharmacy in the pages of the "Aptekarz" journal in the years 1993-2006 (Warsaw 2021).
This review aims to present the relevant background information and current research status in concentration of polyphenols using membrane technologies. The potential implementation of membrane ...separation to bioactive compounds like soluble phenolics from aqueous and organic solvent solutions is gaining increasing interest in the recent years. This review does not pretend to cover the abundant published literature on the subject, but to be representative for the observed tendencies in membrane processes applications for concentration of polyphenols derived from natural products. The first part of the article includes general information regarding the polyphenols and the traditional methods for their separation (such as: thin layer chromatography; paper chromatography; gas chromatography; high performance liquid chromatography; capillary electrophoresis), while the second part presents a review of different membrane processes applied for concentration of polyphenols. Three main sources for such implementations are discussed: (1) aqueous or organic solvent extracts from plant material, (2) fruits, and (3) recovery of polyphenols from industrial waste liquids. A diversity of membrane processes are considered in a large scope of implementations ranging from lab-scale studies to pilot and semiindustrial scale operations.
Membrane technology is an excellent candidate to make a paradigm shift in biological active compounds fractionation/separation processes. Presented results clearly demonstrate that membrane processes are of great advantages over traditionally used methods; however, characterization of separated polyphenols has to be improved. Most of citied authors concentrated their investigation only on the total amount of polyphenols determination. Exhaustive studies including: antioxidant activities, retention index, total soluble solids, or volume reduction factor, have been only carried out by a few authors.
Before the effective methods of treatment and prevention of plague infections and all other infectious diseases were known, attempts were made to treat them with natural means. The effective in the ...treatment of blight, among others were considered the following plants: angelica (Angelica archangelica), valerian (Valeriana officinalis), pimpinella, (Pimpinella sp.) common tormentil plant (Potentilla erecta), and also onion and garlic. Knowledge about medicinal plants was gathered in herbaria. The largest Polish Renaissance herbarium was the Zielnik by Szymon Syreniusz, published in Krakow in 1613. This work describes over 800 plants, only some of them were used against the plague.The aim of the work is to investigate which medicinal plants were indicated by Syreniusz as effective means in combating the pestilential air, what properties were assigned to them and how they were be used.
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