Public Value Capture (PVC) refers to the capture of the value created through the efforts of public bodies rather than from those of private landowners. However, this value obtained is not always ...distributed to public sector stakeholders, especially in developing countries. This requires the questioning of beneficiaries of value increases resulting from these investments. The article aims to analyse the public value capture capacity by focusing on an urban renewal project in Istanbul (Turkey) and to question the distribution of the values obtained among different actors in a detailed way. The study is based on a scenario with defined assumptions, by taking into consideration interviews with different actors, and the legal and institutional framework in the Fikirtepe renewal project in Istanbul (Turkey). The findings of the study demonstrate that landowners, who enjoy the greatest gain in the urban renewal project, did not actually contribute to public value capture, while developers bear most of the risks. Also, the findings show public institutions remain ineffective in capturing the increased value from urban renewal.
In many countries, urban policies and urban planning increasingly favor urban renewal more than new urban development. However, the urban renewal processes are challenging because of ‘land assembly’, ...‘recovery of urban infrastructure’, and ‘social sustainability. The success of the urban renewal processes is closely related to these three key issues because they can affect directly social, economic, and political costs and time periods. The aim of the article analyzes approaches and their outcomes for three keys issues faced in urban renewal processes in the Turkish case. Such an analysis offers insight into policies that can help to overcome three key issues faced in urban renewal and to promote sustainable urban renewal.
Newly built environments in cities whose features have changed due to neoliberal policies and priorities have often been criticized for their lack of aesthetic qualities. This criticism has made the ...aesthetic assessment of such environments more important, raising two crucial questions:how such an assessment can be performed, and how it can be incorporated into legislation. This article focuses on both questions in the case of Istanbul by determining and ranking formal aesthetic factors using factor and ANOVA analyses of the results of a survey conducted with three different sampling groups (scholars, designers, and officials) in Istanbul in 2017. The results of the analyses show that scholars’ views in evaluating urban formal aesthetics are different from those of officials and designers. In addition, the analyses reveal that “character and identity”, “green design”, and “incompatibility between identity and design” are three important factors affecting urban formal aesthetics in newly built environments. These results are then followed by a discussion on how these factors can be incorporated into legislation in the case of Istanbul.
Minimising costs is one of the main objectives in public policy design. The formation of public institutions like TOKI (the Mass Housing Administration) that have financial and administrative power ...to plan and develop land for housing production aims to minimise costs. However, the effect of the advantages arising from TOKI's powers on transaction costs is unknown. This article examines TOKI's impact on transaction costs in planning and land development through the analysis and comparison of the transaction costs of two large-scale housing projects in Istanbul's Avcılar Ispartakule region (Mass Housing Area)—one developed by a public-private partnership (PPP) between Emlak Konut REIC (real estate developer, owned by TOKI) and a private sector actor and the other by a private sector actor alone. The findings of the study, rather than making generalisation, provide a relative comparison of the transaction costs, and identifies the cost-inducing activities in their processes. The findings indicate a disparity between the transaction costs related to the plan making process and the project development process of the two projects. TOKI's plan making process in the Mass Housing Area reduced transaction costs. However, the PPP appeared less efficient than the private sector project in the land development process. In particular, in partnering with the TOKI, time-related costs arose mainly in negotiations during the land acquisition and construction phases. The case study's findings, demonstrate a disconnect between TOKI's defined purpose to produce mass housing more efficiently and the high transaction costs incurred in the land development phase.
Novozgrajena okolja v mestih, katerih značilnosti so se spremenile zaradi neoliberalnih procesov in prednostnih odločitev, so pogosto predmet kritik zaradi pomanjkanja estetske kakovosti. Zaradi teh ...kritik postaja estetska presoja tovrstnih okolij čedalje pomembnejša, pri čemer se pojavljata ključni vprašanji, kako lahko take presoje opravimo in kako lahko njihova dognanja vključimo v zakonodajo. Avtorici članka obe vprašanji obravnavata na primeru Istanbula, pri čemer določata in razvrščata formalne estetske dejavnike na podlagi faktorske analize in analize variance izsledkov ankete, ki sta jo leta 2017 v Istanbulu opravili s tremi vzorčnimi skupinami (raziskovalci, oblikovalci in uradniki). Izsledki analiz kažejo, da se pri presojanju formalne estetike pogledi raziskovalcev razlikujejo od pogledov uradnikov in oblikovalcev. Poleg tega razkrivajo, da so značaj in identiteta, zelena gradnja in neujemanje identitete in grajenih oblik pomembni dejavniki, ki vplivajo na urbano formalno estetiko novozgrajenih okolij. Avtorici članek skleneta z razpravo o tem, kako bi lahko te dejavnike na primeru Istanbula vključili v zakonodajo.
Land readjustment (LR) is an important technique for urban land development in both developed and developing countries. This technique is used for both development of new areas and reorganization of ...structured areas in urban regions. The efficient application of LR may provide a planned urban development, production of a serviced urban plot, a supply of technical infrastructure and service areas for public use, a significant ease in the solution of ownership problems, the supply of subdivisions with good standards, the possibility of readjustment of land ownership and plot borders, and other benefits. However, the efficient application of LR is contingent on certain basic conditions. In this article, the basic conditions are defined and examined for the successful and efficient application of the LR method within the frame of international literature. The provision of benefits expected from LR rests on the availability of LR models that include the foregoing basic conditions.
This article explores the different ways in which local governments apply TDR in the absence (uncertainty) of a legal framework and its consequences, focusing on the case of Istanbul in Turkey. ...Municipalities have implemented mandatory and voluntary TDR through plan notes. For this, the council decisions of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality are examined, and it is determined which district municipalities use TDR through the plan notes. Semi-structured interviews with a total of 15 actors determined by snowball sampling were used to understand the reasons behind such use. Besides, the use of TDR in Bahçelievler and Arnavutköy districts, one of which is the central district and the other is the periphery district with both widely using TDR, and also examples of districts implementing mandatory or voluntary TDR types by plan notes are examined. The used type of TDR is an alternative for the acquisition of social and technical infrastructure needs in the city, is more open to market influence, and has a voluntary basis.
•TDR based on the legal regulation is not commonly used in Turkey.•TDR is implemented in a legally uncertain context through the plan note.•This type of TDR is seen as an alternative tool for the acquisition of urban infrastructure.•This type of TDR is more open to market influence and has a voluntary basis.•Consequences of such use of TDR are difficult to control.
Due to financing limitations, city governments increasingly rely upon private sector finance to support the supply of social and technical infrastructure. Accordingly, developer obligations have ...become increasingly important in urban planning and in land and property development. Compared to the numbers of previous studies related to ‘non-negotiable developer obligations’ (N-NDOs), the studies related to ‘negotiable developer obligations’ (NDOs) are much more limited. Also, there is a lack of studies comparing their respective impacts. The aim of this article is to compare the impacts of N-NDOs and NDOs within the specific country context of Turkey. The findings of study demonstrate that efficiency of N-NDOs and NDOs is closely related to the balance between certainty and flexibility in planning and land development system, the degree of transparency and the level of accountability, and value capture capacity.
As a result of the investment pressures caused by neo-liberal policies, project-led practices are becoming increasingly widespread in plan-led planning systems, which, in turn, has directly impacted ...the planning system. The aim of this article is to examine the impact of such project-led practices within a plan-led planning system through plan changes. This study examines by subject and analyses the spatial distribution of 17,369 plan changes enacted between 2009 and 2018 in Istanbul (Turkey), where the effects of a neo-liberal policy are most evident. The findings of the study demonstrate that these plan changes took place mostly as a result of demands made by the private sector, and that these demands were mostly focused on CBD and newly developing central districts. The results reveal that around a quarter of the plan changes involved alterations in areas reserved for social and technical infrastructure use. They also reveal that spatial outcomes differ according to different plan change typologies.
In the last 30 years, there have been various findings related to the effects of construction investments––especially housing investments––on the economic development of urban areas. However, the ...impact of public housing investments on economic development in rapidly and dynamically developing countries with high housing demand has not been sufficiently discussed. This article presents an examination of the impact of housing production as a public housing investment on the economic development of provinces at the macro level through the case of Turkey. In the study, we analyzed the impact of public housing investments on the economic development of the provinces in Turkey between 2004 and 2018. Since 2004, Turkey has pursued a policy of increasing public housing investments, and for this purpose, the structure of the Toplu Konut İdaresi Başkanlığı (TOKI––the Mass Housing Authority), which is a strong and autonomous centralized public institution, has changed. Despite the increase in public housing investment at the country level as a result of this policy, the effect of public housing investment on economic growth at the provincial level has not been determined. In this study, panel data analysis methods were applied, regression analyses were conducted, and the findings were evaluated. The findings of the analyses showed that, although housing investments (private sector) have had an impact on the development of the provinces at the macro level, public housing investment and production have not played a decisive role in the economic development of the provinces.
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