Here, we quantify the effect of an external magnetic field (β) on the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) for a cobalt oxide|fluorine-doped tin oxide coated glass (CoO x |FTO) anode. A bespoke apparatus ...enables us to precisely determine the relationship between magnetic flux density (β) and OER activity at the surface of a CoO x |FTO anode. The apparatus includes a strong NdFeB magnet (β max = 450 ± 1 mT) capable of producing a magnetic field of 371 ± 1 mT at the surface of the anode. The distance between the magnet and the anode surface is controlled by a linear actuator, enabling submillimeter distance positioning of the magnet relative to the anode surface. We couple this apparatus with a finite element analysis magnetic model that was validated by Hall probe measurements to determine the value of β at the anode surface. At the largest tested magnetic field strength of β = 371 ± 1 mT, a 4.7% increase in current at 1.5 V vs the normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) and a change in the Tafel slope of 14.5 mV/dec were observed. We demonstrate through a series of OER measurements at sequential values of β that the enhancement consists of two distinct regions. The possible use of this effect to improve the energy efficiency of commercial water electrolyzers is discussed, and major challenges pertaining to the accurate measurement of the phenomenon are demonstrated.
Objectives To assess the consultation prevalence of musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions as presented in different healthcare systems, and to determine the feasibility of comparing prevalence figures ...between nations. Methods The settings were an English regional database (Consultations in Primary Care Archive (CiPCA)) and the Swedish Skåne County Health Care Register. Case definitions, data extraction and analysis procedures were harmonised. The number of people consulting per 10 000 registered population in primary care, and in primary or secondary care, in the year 2010 (annual consultation prevalence) were determined for doctor-diagnosed osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), low back pain, and spondyloarthritis including psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Seven-year period consultation prevalences were also determined. Results Combining primary and secondary care, annual consultation prevalences of any MSK condition (2143 vs 1610/10 000) and low back pain (587 vs 294/10 000) were higher in England than in Sweden, but higher for RA, spondyloarthritis and psoriatic arthritis in Sweden. Annual primary care prevalence figures for OA (176 vs 196/10 000), RA (25 vs 26/10 000), spondyloarthritis (both 8/10 000) and psoriatic arthritis (5 vs 3/10 000) were similar between England and Sweden. AS was rarely recorded in Swedish primary care. These patterns were also observed for 7-year period consultation prevalences. Conclusions A rigorous methodological approach allowed feasible comparison of MSK consultation prevalence between England and Sweden. Differences in prevalence of inflammatory and unspecific pain conditions may be partially explained by known variations in healthcare systems and recording practice. Routine healthcare data offers potential for investigating variations in occurrence and outcome of MSK conditions between nations.
One of the key challenges in 5G network roll out is realization of the dedicated transmission system and networks able to cope with the traffic demand, while keeping the cost low. The paper presents ...studies on the cost effective transmission technologies and potential for their application in the 5G networks. The 850 nm and 1310 nm wavelength band transmission is addressed and their applicability to support the 5G networks is evaluated. The considered wavelength band have decisive advantages to be utilized in 5G fronthaul networks.
Out of the 1550 nm Window Transmission Turkiewicz, J. P.
2018 20th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON),
2018-July
Conference Proceeding
For years the majority of the telecommunication traffic have been transmitted in the 1550 nm window. That resulted from the minimum attenuation (0.2 dB/km) as well as the superior 1550 nm ...amplification technology (EDFA/Raman). Recently, new application areas of for the optical fibre transmission have emerged, which can be successfully by supported by other transmission windows. The paper presents analysis of the 850 nm and 1310 nm windows and their applicability to the selected optical transmission.
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