The digitalization has revolutionized the education sector by integrating technology and bringing about significant changes. Computational Thinking (CT), an indispensable skill for the 21st century, ...has now become an integral part of school curricula in several countries worldwide. Focused on enhancing CT skills, programming education, especially through Scratch, Scratch simplifies programming concepts, making it suitable for elementary school children aged 7 to 11 years. Aligned with Piaget's concrete operational stage, emphasizing organized and rational thinking. Hence, this study aims to delve deeper into how Scratch programming education can meet the cognitive developmental needs of children in this phase. The research methodology used is a literature review, employing data from textbooks, journals, scholarly articles, and literature reviews that contain concepts central to the research focus. The data analysis involves collecting relevant research findings, organizing, and systematically recording information. The results indicate that Scratch not only provides a platform for learning programming but also supports the development of concrete operational cognitive skills taught in Piaget's theory. Through creativity in designing Scratch projects, children can apply and strengthen their understanding of concepts such as seriation, classification, reversibility, conservation, and the elimination of egocentrism. But, it's essential to consider an approach tailored to the developmental characteristics of children when designing programming education at the elementary level. This study is expected to provide concise guidance for educators and policymakers in formulating programming education that optimally fosters cognitive development in elementary school children.
The purpose of this research is to analyze initial vocabulary of nouns in the field of Legal Studies had by the first semester students of Law Study Program of University of Kutai Kartanegara in ...academic year 2019/2020. This study used descriptive qualitative design. The research subjects were 10 students of the first semester. The instrument of the study was vocabulary test in the form of written test by using match type test. The results of this study are as follows: (1) there were 9 words that became the most common initial vocabularies of nouns in the field of Legal Studies, (2) There were 6 words that became the most unfamiliar nouns for almost all the students. Based on the findings of the research it could be summarized (1) the initial vocabularies of nouns in the field of Legal Studies were varies but still very limited; (2) the nouns in the field of Legal Studies that were not familiar for the students were also varies. It meant that each student has different familiar and unfamiliar nouns. The initial vocabularies of nouns in the field of Legal Studies had by the students were different one each other. Some students had more initial vocabularies but some others had less initial vocabularies.
Keywords: initial vocabularies, nouns, legal studies
Most corn planted on tropical acidic soils suffers substantial yield loss caused by low crop phosphorus (P) uptake. Humic acid is recommended to increase crop P uptake since it is capable of ...competing with P to be bound to soil adsorption complexes. Humic acid extracted from composted manure (MHA) is a good alternative to humic acid because it is more reactive and has a higher complexation ability compared with leonardite. Therefore, the effectiveness of soil-applied MHA combined with P was evaluated to improve corn yields in acidic soils from the aspect of crop nutrient uptake efficiency and crop physiological performance. Two high-yielding corn cultivars that are highly accepted by Indonesian farmers and resistant to downy mildew disease were subjected to five different types of MHA and P combinations. The amount of P fertilizer was equivalent to 120 mg P2O5 kg−1 soil. The H10P1 produced the most significant result p<0.05 in terms of total crop dry weight, grain dry weight, and corn yield. The highest efficiency for P uptake in the leaves and grains was found with H10P1 and H5P1, respectively. Although chlorophyll content was not substantially improved, the stomatal apertures 7 weeks after planting (WAP) were significantly increased p<0.05 with H10P1 and H15P1. The photosynthetic rate and nitrate reductase (NR) activity at 10 WAP were significantly increased p<0.05 with H5P1 and H10P1, respectively. The results clearly indicated significant increases in the efficiency of crop P uptake and physiological performance for stomatal aperture, photosynthetic rate, and NR activity can highly contribute to higher corn yields.
Female orangutans exhibit natal philopatry, living in stable home ranges that overlap with those of their maternal relatives. Using data collected from 2003 to 2017 at Tuanan in Central Kalimantan, ...Indonesia, we take a longitudinal approach to better understand the mechanisms of female philopatry and the factors that influence the home range establishment process of young female orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii). Data on movement and sociality were collected during nest-to-nest focal follows of individual orangutans; four young nulli/primiparous females, their three multiparous mothers, and seven other unrelated adult females living in the same area. Our results show that a young female goes through an ‘exploration phase’, beginning when she is an independent immature and lasting through her adolescence, characterized by an increase in home range size and distance travelled each day. This exploration is facilitated by high resource availability and association with adult males. A young female maintains a high degree of overlap with her natal range but gradually decrease the degree of overlap with her mother’s concurrent range. By the time she is a sexually active adolescent, a young female and her mother share as much overlap as a young female does with other related adult females, although she continues to associate more with her mother than with them, even after the birth of her first offspring. Our findings indicate that the high habitat productivity and high orangutan population density of Tuanan lead to a high degree of life-time site fidelity and overlap among maternal kin.
Karies gigi anak merupakan masalah utama di negara-negara sedang berkembang. Prevalensi karies gigi anak usia 3-6 tahun di Kota Yogyakarta mencapai 84,1%. Karies gigi merupakan multifactorial ...desease, antara lain faktor host, agent dan lingkungan mulut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan pH saliva, plak gigi, frekuensi menyikat gigi dengan status karies gigi anak usia prasekolah. Jenis penelitian ini adalah observasional dengan case control study. Subyek penelitian adalah 80 anak-anak usia 4-6 tahun di TK wilayah Kabupaten Sleman. Teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling. Status karies gigi diukur menggunakan indeks def-s, plak gigi diukur menggunakan indeks PHP-M dan pH saliva diukur menggunakan pH digital meter, serta frekuensi menyikat gigi diukur menggunakan kuesioner. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah logistic regression. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa plak gigi berhubungan dengan status karies gigi dengan OR = 4,3 dan p = 0,015, pH saliva dengan OR = 6,2 dan p = 0,002 dan frekuensi menyikat gigi dengan OR = 6,5 dan p = 0,002. Plak gigi, pH saliva dan frekuensi menyikat gigi merupakan faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan status karies gigi anak usia prasekolah. Frekuensi menyikat gigi merupakan faktor risiko yang paling berperan dalam kejadian karies gigi anak usia prasekolah.
Conversion of forest to rubber
and oil palm plantations is widespread in Sumatra, Indonesia, and it is
largely unknown how such land-use conversion affects nutrient leaching
losses. Our study aimed ...to quantify nutrient leaching and nutrient retention
efficiency in the soil after land-use conversion to smallholder rubber and
oil palm plantations. In Jambi province, Indonesia, we selected two
landscapes on highly weathered Acrisol soils that mainly differed in texture:
loam and clay. Within each soil type, we compared two reference land uses,
lowland forest and jungle rubber (defined as rubber trees interspersed in
secondary forest), with two converted land uses: smallholder rubber and oil
palm plantations. Within each soil type, the first three land uses were
represented by 4 replicate sites and the oil palm by three sites, totaling
30 sites. We measured leaching losses using suction cup lysimeters
sampled biweekly to monthly from February to December 2013. Forests and
jungle rubber had low solute concentrations in drainage water, suggesting low
internal inputs of rock-derived nutrients and efficient internal cycling of
nutrients. These reference land uses on the clay Acrisol soils had lower
leaching of dissolved N and base cations (P= 0.01–0.06) and higher N and
base cation retention efficiency (P < 0.01–0.07) than those on
the loam Acrisols. In the converted land uses, particularly on the loam
Acrisol, the fertilized area of oil palm plantations showed higher leaching
of dissolved N, organic C, and base cations (P < 0.01–0.08) and
lower N and base cation retention efficiency compared to all the other land
uses (P < 0.01–0.06). The unfertilized rubber plantations,
particularly on the loam Acrisol, showed lower leaching of dissolved P (P=0.08) and organic C (P < 0.01) compared to forest or jungle
rubber, reflecting decreases in soil P stocks and C inputs to the soil. Our
results suggest that land-use conversion to rubber and oil palm causes
disruption of initially efficient nutrient cycling, which decreases nutrient
availability. Over time, smallholders will likely be increasingly reliant on
fertilization, with the risk of diminishing water quality due to increased
nutrient leaching. Thus, there is a need to develop management practices to
minimize leaching while sustaining productivity.
In light of the rapidly growing industrialization in BRICS and G7 regions, thorough energy, financials, and environmental analyses are essential for sustainable financial development in these ...countries. In this context, this work analyzes the relationship between energy, financial, and environmental sustainability and the regions’ social performance. Data from 2000 to 2017 is analyzed through a data envelopment analysis (DEA) like a composite index. Results show China and Brazil’s better performance in the region, with a sustainability score of 0.96, India was the third, followed by South Africa and Russia. Japan, the UK, and the USA were the most energy-efficient countries for five consecutive years. A 0.18%, 0.27%, 0.22%, 0.09%, 0.31%, and 0.32% reduction in carbon emission is observed with a 1% increase in R&D costs by Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the USA, respectively. This work contributes to the existing literature regarding an eco-friendly sustainable policy design for the G7 countries based on multiple indicators.
Introduction: Babies with low birth weight (LBW) have a risk of complications and health problems. One of the efforts to prevent LBW births is to detect risk factors in pregnant women. This study ...aimed to test the accuracy of an early LBW detection scorecard based on maternal risk factors. Methods: The research design used was observational analytical. The sample in this study was 177 mothers who were registered and delivered at hospitals and public health centers in Surabaya and were selected using a purposive sampling method. The research instruments used were LBW scorecard, maternal medical records, and baby’s scale. The accuracy of the scorecard was measured with Mann-Whitney test, and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: The LBW scorecard which was based on maternal factors analysis can significantly predict LBW births (p = 0.000). Based on the ROC curve analysis, it was known that the early detection scorecard has a cut-off point of 3.5, and an accuracy of 88.70%, which indicated that the scorecard has high accuracy in predicting LBW. Conclusions: The LBW early detection scorecards is able accurately to predict the incidence of LBW births. Through analysis and calculation of maternal risk factor, it can be seen whether the mother is at risk of giving birth to a LBW or normal weight baby. Early detection of LBW can improve services for at-risk babies, resulting in a positive impact on their health outcomes.
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