Geological setting, occurrences, extent, quality and reserves of coal seams in the Mura Formation of the Mura-Zala Basin in NE Slovenia are presented in the paper. The Mura-Zala Basin consists of ...antiforms and sinforms bounded by normal and reverse faults. It is filled in its deepest parts by more than 4000 m of clastic sediments from the late lower Miocene upwards. It represents one of the western basins of the Pannonian Basin System. The coal-bearing Mura Formation is of the Pontian age. It is more than 1000 m thick and consists of marls, silts and sands, and of numerous (10–30) beds of brown coal which are relatively thin. The coal-bearing depositional systemis clearly paralic. Original peat-lands developed in freshwater environments while bulk sedimentation in-between(according to paleontological investigations of the Ostracoda microfauna) took place under influence of brackishwaters. Well ascertained coal beds are only those in a restricted area (ca. 60 km2) between Lendava (Slovenia) andMursko Središće (Croatia), where the coal beds dip almost from the surface (under 10–20 m of Quaternary gravel) downwards to depths of not more than 400 m. The whole coal-bearing bed-set in the Lendava area is about 130 m thick but contains only three coal seams which are generally 1.0–2.2 m thick. At the “as received basis” (25–30 %moisture content, 15–20 % ash yield), the net calorific value of the Lendava coal reaches ca. 14.5 MJ/kg, and the average sulphur content is ca. 1.6 %. The Mursko Sredi{}e coal is of a similar quality.Tectonic structure of coal beds is simple and uniform. In the Ormož-Selnica Antiform (which continues to the Budafa – Lovászi Antiform in Hungary), strata inclination follows gentle flanks of this antiform and similar is true for other sinforms and antiforms throughout the Mura-Zala Basin. Several very small collieries were in operationin the area of the Ormož-Selnica Antiform between the 1850s and 1970s. The only a little larger was the Mursko Središće colliery, with the highest production of 170,000 tonnes in 1965, and closed in 1972.Coal beds in the broader area of NE Slovenia (ca 1000 km2) are not explored enough. They were encountered by almost all deep oil, gas, and hydrogeological wells but these wells were not core-drilled. The existing data are originating only from master-logs and geophysical logs, by which, coal thicknesses are most probably exaggerated– telling us about thicknesses of single coal beds of 4 metres and even more. Therefore, realistically speaking, if analogy with the Lendava coal-bearing area is taken into consideration, and taking into account that the coal seams thicker than 1 m are in total 5 m thick, than the total coal resources (at the 1.3 t/m3 density) in the entire NE Slovenia amount to around 6500 Mt. In terms of energy, at calorific value of coal of 14.5 MJ/kg, it represents nearly1014 MJ of energy stored.
Geological setting, occurrences, extent, quality and reserves of coal seams in the Mura Formation of the Mura-Zala Basin in NE Slovenia are presented in the paper. The Mura-Zala Basin consists of ...antiforms and sinforms bounded by normal and reverse faults. It is filled in its deepest parts by more than 4000 m of clastic sediments from the late lower Miocene upwards. It represents one of the western basins of the Pannonian Basin System. The coal-bearing Mura Formation is of the Pontian age. It is more than 1000 m thick and consists of marls, silts and sands, and of numerous (10–30) beds of brown coal which are relatively thin. The coal-bearing depositional systemis clearly paralic. Original peat-lands developed in freshwater environments while bulk sedimentation in-between(according to paleontological investigations of the Ostracoda microfauna) took place under influence of brackishwaters. Well ascertained coal beds are only those in a restricted area (ca. 60 km2) between Lendava (Slovenia) andMursko Središće (Croatia), where the coal beds dip almost from the surface (under 10–20 m of Quaternary gravel) downwards to depths of not more than 400 m. The whole coal-bearing bed-set in the Lendava area is about 130 m thick but contains only three coal seams which are generally 1.0–2.2 m thick. At the “as received basis” (25–30 %moisture content, 15–20 % ash yield), the net calorific value of the Lendava coal reaches ca. 14.5 MJ/kg, and the average sulphur content is ca. 1.6 %. The Mursko Sredi{}e coal is of a similar quality.Tectonic structure of coal beds is simple and uniform. In the Ormož-Selnica Antiform (which continues to the Budafa – Lovászi Antiform in Hungary), strata inclination follows gentle flanks of this antiform and similar is true for other sinforms and antiforms throughout the Mura-Zala Basin. Several very small collieries were in operationin the area of the Ormož-Selnica Antiform between the 1850s and 1970s. The only a little larger was the Mursko Središće colliery, with the highest production of 170,000 tonnes in 1965, and closed in 1972.Coal beds in the broader area of NE Slovenia (ca 1000 km2) are not explored enough. They were encountered by almost all deep oil, gas, and hydrogeological wells but these wells were not core-drilled. The existing data are originating only from master-logs and geophysical logs, by which, coal thicknesses are most probably exaggerated– telling us about thicknesses of single coal beds of 4 metres and even more. Therefore, realistically speaking, if analogy with the Lendava coal-bearing area is taken into consideration, and taking into account that the coal seams thicker than 1 m are in total 5 m thick, than the total coal resources (at the 1.3 t/m3 density) in the entire NE Slovenia amount to around 6500 Mt. In terms of energy, at calorific value of coal of 14.5 MJ/kg, it represents nearly1014 MJ of energy stored.
The Croatian Association for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders of the Croatian Medical Association has issued in 2011 the first national guidelines for the nutrition, education, self-control, and ...pharmacotherapy of diabetes type 2. According to the increased number of available medicines and new evidence related to the effectiveness and safety of medicines already involved in the therapy there was a need for update of the existing guidelines for the pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes in the Republic of Croatia.
as co-authors of the Guidelines there are listed all members of the Croatian Association for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, as well as other representatives of professional societies within the Croatian Medical Association, who have contributed with comments and suggestions to the development of the Guidelines.
These guidelines are evidence-based, according to the GRADE system (eng. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation), which describes the level of evidence and strength of recommendations.
An individual patient approach based on physiological principles in blood glucose control is essential for diabetes' patients management. Glycemic targets and selection of the pharmacological agents should be tailored to the patient, taking into account the age, duration of disease, life expectancy, risk of hypoglyce- mia, comorbidities, developed vascular and other complications as well as other factors. Because of all this, is of national interest to have a practical, rational and applicable guidelines for the pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes.
Uvod: Hrvatsko društvo za dijabetes i bolesti metabolizma Hrvatskoga liječničkog zbora izradilo je 2011. godine prve nacionalne smjernice o prehrani, edukaciji i samokontroli te farmakološkom ...liječenju šećerne bolesti tipa 2. Sukladno povećanom broju dostupnih lijekova te novim spoznajama o učinkovitosti i sigurnosti primjene već uključenih lijekova, pokazala se potreba za obnovom postojećih smjernica za farmakološko liječenje šećerne bolesti tipa 2 u Republici Hrvatskoj. Sudionici: Kao koautori Smjernica navedeni su svi članovi Hrvatskog društva za dijabetes i bolesti metabolizma Hrvatskoga liječničkog zbora, kao i ostalih uključenih stručnih društava, koji su svojim komentarima i prijedlozima pridonijeli izradi Smjernica. Dokazi: Ove su Smjernice utemeljene na dokazima, prema sustavu GRADE (engl. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) koji uz razinu dokaza opisuje i snagu preporuke. Zaključci: Individualan pristup temeljen na fiziološkim principima regulacije glikemije nuždan je u liječenju osoba sa šećernom bolesti. Ciljeve liječenja i odabir medikamentne terapije treba prilagoditi oboljeloj osobi, uzimajući u obzir životnu dob, trajanje bolesti, očekivano trajanje života, rizik od hipoglikemije, komorbiditete, razvijene vaskularne i ostale komplikacije, kao i ostale čimbenike. Zbog svega navedenoga od nacionalnog je interesa imati praktične, racionalne i provedive smjernice za farmakološko liječenje šećerne bolesti tipa 2.
Rasprava sa simpozija o Sudeckovom sindromu BOŽIKOV, Velimir; BOBINAC-GEORGIJEVSKI, Ana; TURK, Zmago
Fizikalna i rehabilitacijska medicina,
09/2001, Volume:
18, Issue:
3-4
Web Resource
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