The oxidation capacity of the highly polluted urban area of Santiago, Chile has been evaluated during a summer measurement campaign carried out from 8–20 March 2005. The hydroxyl (OH) radical budget ...was evaluated employing a simple quasi-photostationary-state model (PSS) constrained with simultaneous measurements of HONO, HCHO, O3, NO, NO2, j(O1D), j(NO2), 13 alkenes and meteorological parameters. In addition, a zero dimensional photochemical box model based on the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCMv3.1) has been used to estimate production rates and total free radical budgets, including OH, HO2 and RO2. Besides the above parameters, the MCM model has been constrained by the measured CO and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including alkanes and aromatics. Both models simulate the same OH concentration during daytime indicating that the primary OH sources and sinks included in the simple PSS model predominate. Mixing ratios of the main OH radical precursors were found to be in the range 0.8–7 ppbv (HONO), 0.9–11 ppbv (HCHO) and 0–125 ppbv (O3). The alkenes average mixing ratio was ~58 ppbC accounting for ~12% of the total identified non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs). During the daytime (08:00 h–19:00 h), HONO photolysis was shown to be the most important primary OH radical source comprising alone ~55% of the total initial production rate, followed by alkene ozonolysis (~24%) and photolysis of HCHO (~16%) and O3 (~5%). The calculated average and maximum daytime OH production rates from HONO photolysis was 1.7 ppbv h−1 and 3.1 ppbv h−1, respectively. Based on the experimental results a strong photochemical daytime source of HONO is proposed. A detailed analysis of the sources of OH radical precursors has also been carried out.
C⁎-algebras, group algebras, and the algebra A(X) of approximable operators on a Banach space X having the bounded approximation property are known to be zero product determined. In this paper we ...give a quantitative estimate of this property by showing that, for the Banach algebra A, there exists a constant α with the property that for every continuous bilinear functional φ:A×A→C there exists a continuous linear functional ξ on A such thatsup‖a‖=‖b‖=1|φ(a,b)−ξ(ab)|≤αsup‖a‖=‖b‖=1,ab=0|φ(a,b)| in each of the following cases: (i) A is a C⁎-algebra, in which case α=8; (ii) A=L1(G) for a locally compact group G, in which case α=60271+sinπ101−2sinπ10; (iii) A=A(X) for a Banach space X having property (A) (which is a rather strong approximation property for X), in which case α=60271+sinπ101−2sinπ10C2, where C is a constant associated with the property (A) that we require for X.
Developmental stability and canalization describe the ability of developmental systems to minimize phenotypic variation in the face of stochastic micro‐environmental effects, genetic variation and ...environmental influences. Canalization is the ability to minimize the effects of genetic or environmental effects, whereas developmental stability is the ability to minimize the effects of micro‐environmental effects within individuals. Despite much attention, the mechanisms that underlie these two components of phenotypic robustness remain unknown. We investigated the genetic structure of phenotypic robustness in the collaborative cross (CC) mouse reference population. We analysed the magnitude of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and among‐individual variation of cranial shape in reciprocal crosses among the eight parental strains, using geometric morphometrics and a diallel analysis based on a Bayesian approach. Significant differences among genotypes were found for both measures, although they were poorly correlated at the level of individuals. An overall positive effect of inbreeding was found for both components of variation. The strain CAST/EiJ exerted a positive additive effect on FA and, to a lesser extent, among‐individual variance. Sex‐ and other strain‐specific effects were not significant. Neither FA nor among‐individual variation was associated with phenotypic extremeness. Our results support the existence of genetic variation for both developmental stability and canalization. This finding is important because robustness is a key feature of developmental systems. Our finding that robustness is not related to phenotypic extremeness is consistent with theoretical work that suggests that its relationship to stabilizing selection is not straightforward.
For a Banach function algebra A, we consider the problem of representing a continuous d-homogeneous polynomial P:A→X, where X is an arbitrary Banach space, that satisfies the property ...P(f+g)=P(f)+P(g) whenever f,g∈A are such that supp(f)∩supp(g)=∅. We show that such a polynomial can be represented as P(f)=T(fd)(f∈A) for some continuous linear map T:A→X for a variety of Banach function algebras such as the algebra of continuous functions C0(Ω) for any locally compact Hausdorff space Ω, the algebra of Lipschitz functions lipα(K) for any compact metric space K and α∈0,1, the Figà–Talamanca–Herz algebra Ap(G) for some locally compact groups G and p∈1,+∞, the algebras AC(a,b) and BVC(a,b) of absolutely continuous functions and of continuous functions of bounded variation on the interval a,b. In the case where A=Cn(a,b), P can be represented as P(f)=∑T(n1,…,nd)(f(n1)⋯f(nd)), where the sum is taken over (n1,…,nd)∈Zd with 0≤n1≤…≤nd≤n, for appropriate continuous linear maps T(n1,…,nd):Cn−nd(a,b)→X.
Background: Although the importance of the therapeutic alliance in the treatment process and health outcomes is recognized, so far, there has been no evaluation in the Peruvian context that considers ...possible individual differences that could influence this assessment. Purpose: This study assessed the psychometric properties of the WAI-S-P in a sample of individuals from Peru who are receiving psychological therapy. Furthermore, a network analysis was conducted to investigate the direct relationships between the therapeutic alliance and several relevant sociodemographic variables. Methods: The short version of the Working Alliance Inventory was used in a sample of 241 participants (M.sub.age=32.58, SD=12.67) that had attended less than 6 sessions. Three models were considered, including a three-factor and a two-factor correlated model, as well as a bifactor model. In addition, a network of partial associations was created including the overall therapeutic alliance, sex, age, and number of psychotherapeutic sessions. Results: The bifactor model, with an overall therapeutic alliance factor and two specific factors ("contact" and "contract"), better fit the data. Invariance of the structure by sex and age showed equitable measurement. On the other hand, network analysis revealed a positive correlation between total session attendance and therapeutic alliance. Men reported higher therapeutic alliance, while women had higher total session attendance. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the therapeutic alliance is better represented by a bifactor model and demonstrates invariance across sex and age in Peruvian adults. Additionally, findings indicate that differences in life experiences and the sex of patients may need to be verified in future studies to better understand nuanced needs in forming therapeutic alliances at least in the early stages of session attendance. Keywords: Working Alliance Inventory, patients, psychotherapy, psychometric properties, network analysis
The oxidation capacity of the highly polluted urban area of Santiago de Chile has been evaluated during a winter measurement campaign from May 25 to June 07, 2005, with the results compared and ...contrasted with those previously evaluated during a summer campaign from March 8 to 20, 2005. The OH radical budget was evaluated in both campaigns employing a simple quasi-photostationary state model (PSS) constrained with simultaneous measurements of HONO, HCHO, O
3, NO, NO
2,
j(O
1D),
j(NO
2), 13 alkenes and meteorological parameters. In addition, a zero dimensional photochemical box model based on the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCMv3.1) has been used for the analysis of the radical budgets and concentrations of OH, HO
2 and RO
2. Besides the above parameters, the MCM model has been constrained by the measured CO and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including alkanes and aromatics. Total production and destruction rates of OH and HO
2 in winter are about two times lower than that during summer. Simulated OH levels by both PSS and MCM models are similar during the daytime for both winter and summer indicating that the primary OH sources and sinks included in the simple PSS model are predominant. On a 24 h basis, HONO photolysis was shown to be the most important primary OH radical source comprising 81% and 52% of the OH initiation rate during winter and summer, respectively followed by alkene ozonolysis (12.5% and 29%), photolysis of HCHO (6.1% and 15%), and photolysis of O
3 (<1% and 4%), respectively. During both winter and summer, there was a balance between the OH secondary production (HO
2 + NO) and destruction (OH + VOCs) showing that initiation sources of RO
2 and HO
2 are no net OH initiation sources. This result was found to be fulfilled also for all other studies investigated. Seasonal impacts on the radical budgets are also discussed.
There has been no comparison between fluoride concentrations in urine and nails of children exposed to different sources of systemic fluoride. The aim of this study was to compare the relationship ...between fluoride intake with urinary fluoride excretion and fluoride concentrations in fingernails and toenails of children receiving fluoride from artificially fluoridated water (0.6-0.8 mg F/L, n = 25), naturally fluoridated water (0.6-0.9 mg F/L, n = 21), fluoridated salt (180-200 mg F/Kg, n = 26), and fluoridated milk (0.25 mg F, n = 25). A control population was included (no systemic fluoride, n = 24). Fluoride intake from diet and dentifrice, urinary fluoride excretion, and fluoride concentrations in fingernails/toenails were evaluated. Fluoride was analyzed with an ion-selective electrode. Urinary fluoride excretion in the control community was significantly lower when compared with that in the fluoridated cities, except for the naturally fluoridated community. However, the same pattern was not as evident for nails. Both urinary fluoride output and fluoride concentrations in fingernails/toenails were significantly correlated to total fluoride intake. However, the correlation coefficients for fluoride intake and urinary fluoride output were lower (r = 0.28, p < 0.01) than those observed for fingernails/toenails (r = 0.36, p < 0.001), suggesting that nails might be slightly better indicators of fluoride intake at the individual level.
ZERO JORDAN PRODUCT DETERMINED BANACH ALGEBRAS ALAMINOS, J.; BREŠAR, M.; EXTREMERA, J. ...
Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society,
10/2021, Volume:
111, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
A Banach algebra
$A$
is said to be a zero Jordan product determined Banach algebra if, for every Banach space
$X$
, every bilinear map
$\unicodeSTIX{x1D711}:A\times A\rightarrow X$
satisfying
...$\unicodeSTIX{x1D711}(a,b)=0$
whenever
$a$
,
$b\in A$
are such that
$ab+ba=0$
, is of the form
$\unicodeSTIX{x1D711}(a,b)=\unicodeSTIX{x1D70E}(ab+ba)$
for some continuous linear map
$\unicodeSTIX{x1D70E}$
. We show that all
$C^{\ast }$
-algebras and all group algebras
$L^{1}(G)$
of amenable locally compact groups have this property and also discuss some applications.
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