The gradual loss of kidney function due to increasing age is accompanied by structural changes such as fibrosis of the tissue. The underlying molecular mechanisms are complex, but not yet fully ...understood. Non-fibrillar collagen type VIII (COL8) could be a potential factor in the fibrosis processes of the aging kidney. A pathophysiological significance of COL8 has already been demonstrated in the context of diabetic kidney disease, with studies showing that it directly influences both the development and progression of renal fibrosis occurring. The aim of this study was to investigate whether COL8 impacts age-related micro-anatomical and functional changes in a mouse model. The kidneys of wild-type (
-wt) and COL8-knockout (
-ko) mice of different age and sex were characterized with regard to the expression of molecular fibrosis markers, the development of nephrosclerosis and renal function. The age-dependent regulation of COL8 mRNA expression in the wild-type revealed sex-dependent effects that were not observed with collagen IV (COL4). Histochemical staining and protein analysis of profibrotic cytokines TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor) and CTGF (connective tissue growth factor) in mouse kidneys showed significant age effects as well as interactions of the factors age, sex and
genotype. There were also significant age and
genotype effects in the renal function data analyzed by urinary cystatin C. In summary, the present study shows, for the first time, that COL8 is regulated in an age- and sex-dependent manner in the mouse kidney and that the expression of COL8 influences the severity of age-induced renal fibrosis and function.
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a heterogeneous group of molecules with potential pathophysiological effects on the kidneys. Fibrosis together with the accumulation of AGEs has been ...investigated for its contribution to age-related decline in renal function. AGEs mediate their effects in large parts through their interactions with the receptor for AGEs (RAGE). RAGE is a transmembrane protein that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and has the ability to interact with multiple pro-inflammatory/pro-oxidative ligands. The role of RAGE in aging kidneys has not been fully characterized, especially for sex-based differences.
Therefore, we analyzed constitutive RAGE knockout (KO) mice in an age- and sex-dependent manner. Paraffin-embedded kidney sections were used for histological analysis and protein expression of fibrosis and damage markers. RNA expression analysis from the kidney cortex was done by qPCR for AGE receptors, kidney damage, and early inflammation/fibrosis factors. FACS analysis was used for immune cell profiling of the kidneys.
Histological analysis revealed enhanced infiltration of immune cells (positive for B220) in aged (>70 weeks old) KO mice in both sexes. FACS analysis revealed a similar pattern of enhanced B-1a cells in aged KO mice. There was an age-based increase in pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF, TGF-β1, and SNAIL1) in KO male mice that presumably contributed to renal fibrosis and renal damage (glomerular and tubular). In fact, in KO mice, there was an age-dependent increase in renal damage (assessed by NGAL and KIM1) that was accompanied by increased fibrosis (assessed by CTGF). This effect was more pronounced in male KO mice than in the female KO mice. In contrast to the KO animals, no significant increase in damage markers was detectable in wild-type animals at the age examined (>70 weeks old). Moreover, there is an age-based increase in AGEs and scavenger receptor MSR-A2 in the kidneys.
Our data suggest that the loss of the clearance receptor RAGE in male animals further accelerates age-dependent renal damage; this could be in part due to an increase in AGEs load during aging and the absence of protective female hormones. By contrast, in females,
expression seems to play only a minor role when compared to tissue pathology.
This study was conducted to determine the impact of coculturing red seaweed (Gracilaria tenustipitata) with different densities of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) on water quality and shrimp ...performance. The experiment was carried out in indoor tank systems in triplicate. Five shrimp densities (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 shrimp/m3) were integrated with red seaweed (2 kg/m3) for 60 days. The results demonstrated that polyculture of red seaweed with shrimp maintained appropriate levels of TAN and NO2- in rearing tanks at high shrimp densities ranging from 100 to 300 shrimp/m3. Shrimp growth rates tended to decline as density increased, but there were no statistical differences (p>0.05) between treatments at stocking densities ranging from 100 to 300 shrimp/m3. Shrimp survival declined dramatically as stocking densities increased from 400 shrimp/m3 upward. The lowest and maximum shrimp yields were achieved at densities of 100 and 300 shrimp/m3, respectively. Furthermore, the sensory quality of cooked shrimp meat was highly rated by the panelists. These findings demonstrated that polyculture of red seaweed with whiteleg shrimp can be applied at stocking densities up to 300 shrimp/m3 while maintaining appropriate water quality parameters and improved production efficiency in the culture unit.
LQR Control for Five-Link Pendubot Huynh, Xuan-Dung; Nguyen, Van-Dong-Hai; Doan, Van-Khanh ...
Robotică şi management (Reșița),
06/2021, Volume:
26, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Pendubot is a popular inverted pendulum model in control engineering. Usually, two-link pendubot is used due to its simplicity in mechanical structure and its nonlinear characteristic. The challenge ...of control can be increased by adding more links to system. In this paper, balancing five-link pendubot at TOP position and pulse-tracking this model are tested through simulation. The control algorithm LQR is in survey in this research. The simulation shows that system is stabilized well at working point and it is also control well in tracking a pulse trajectory.
Berberin là một alkaloid có nguồn gốc từ thực vật, được dùng nhiều trong y học cổ truyền. Berberin có khả năng kháng khuẩn, kháng viêm, ức chế tế bào gây ung thư,... Tuy nhiên, berberin lại ít tan ...trong nước và có tính sinh khả dụng thấp. Nghiên cứu được thực hiện nhằm khảo sát tỉ lệ chất hoạt động bề mặt Tween 80 : Sodium Laureth Sulfate để tạo ra hệ nano berberin ổn định, đồng nhất và đánh giá khả năng vi khuẩn gây sâu răng của nano berberin. Nano berberin được chế tạo bằng phương pháp nghiền bi với các tỉ lệ chất hoạt động bề mặt Tween 80 và Sodium Laureth Sulfate khác nhau. Các mẫu được kiểm tra đặc tính hóa, lý bằng phương pháp XRD, FE-SEM và UV-Vis. Bước đầu đánh giá khả năng ức chế vi khuẩn gây sâu răng của mẫu nano berberin bằng phương pháp khuếch tán qua thạch và phương pháp pha loãng vi lượng. Kết quả cho thấy, mẫu có tỉ lệ chất hoạt động bề mặt Tween 80 : Sodium Laureth Sulfate là 3:1 tạo ra hạt nano berberin có cấu trúc tinh thể với kích thước hạt nano trung bình là 40 – 65 nm. Nano berberin có khả năng ức chế mạnh sự phát triển của vi khuẩn S. mutans – tác nhân chính gây nên sâu răng.
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