•Crustacean shell waste are the major commercial source of chitin.•Chitin is extracted after deproteinization and demineralization using chemical or biological methods.•Chitin nanomaterials can be ...isolated in the form of chitin nanocrystals or chitin nanofibers.•Chitin and chitin nanomaterials have practical applications in agriculture, food, and health.
Chitin, a widely available natural polymer, is the fundamental structural component of crustacean shells. The crustacean processing industry produces a lot of shell waste each year (in millions), most of which is discarded and poses serious environmental problems. This waste can be effectively utilized to produce chitin and chitin nanomaterials with superior physicochemical and biological properties, making it applicable in various industries. In this context, this review outlined the chitin extraction methods from crustacean shell waste. The recent advancements in chitin nanomaterial isolation in the form of chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs) and chitin nanofibers (ChNFs) from purified chitin are discussed. Furthermore, the current practical applications of chitin and chitin nanomaterials in agriculture, biomedicine, and the food industry are reviewed to better understand the polymer's applicability for future research and development.
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Trained immunity refers to the memory acquired by innate immune cells, leading to cross-protection and non-specific responses to subsequent infection, thereby improving host survival. Trained ...immunity induction is a combined effect of immune signaling, metabolic changes, and epigenetic modifications. The present study evaluated the induction of markers of the phenomenon of trained immunity in common carp, which is trained using β-glucan. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mtor) and hypoxia-inducible factor (hif1α), the metabolic basis of trained immunity; the histone deacetylase (hdac7), one of the markers of epigenetic modifications, metabolic activity of activated cells and expression profiles of proinflammatory cytokines viz. il6a, tnfαa2, and ifnγ were targeted in the study and analyzed in vivo. Besides in vivo analysis, in vitro analysis of mtorc2, hif1α, hdac7, and ifnγ were analyzed. In vitro analyses were performed on head kidney macrophages isolated and maintained in L-15 media and double trained with β-glucan at 100μg/mL. The culture supernatant was collected at different time intervals and processed for expression studies. Healthy common carp were injected with β-glucan at 20 mg/kg body weight for training followed by a resting phase for 6 days and were restimulated with the same dose. Head kidney was collected from the fish post-induction as well as post-restimulation. The expression profile of mtorc2, hdac7, and hif1α were found elevated post-stimulation of β-glucan. Further, a significantly upregulated expression profile of proinflammatory cytokines (ifnγ, il6a and tnfαa2) was observed. Increased glycolysis in the cells post-β-glucan stimulation was confirmed by the high lactate and LDH production detected in the cell culture supernatant. Overall, the study revealed the expression profile of the trained immunity markers and the increased metabolic activity in cells induced with β-glucan, which further validates that the action of trained immunity is indispensable in fish on encounter with a potential ligand. The study supports the existing reports on trained immunity in teleost fish with evidence at the genomic level. However, further studies are required to understand the responses and actions of trained immune cells during infection in detail.
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•Expression profiles of trained immunity markers in common carp post immune training with β-glucan.•Elevated expression profiles of trained immunity markers and proinflammatory cytokines were observed post-training.•Increase in metabolic activity and production of metabolites revalidates the phenomenon of the metabolic shift in trained immune cells.
Emerging and re-emerging diseases in fish cause drastic economic losses in the aquaculture sector. To combat the impact of disease outbreaks and prevent the emergence of infections in culture ...systems, understanding the advanced strategies for protecting fish against infections is inevitable in fish health research. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the induction of trained immunity and its protective efficacy against Streptococcus agalactiae in tilapia. For this, Nile tilapia and the Tilapia head kidney macrophage primary culture were primed using β-glucan @200 μg/10 g body weight and 10 μg/mL respectively. Expression profiles of the markers of trained immunity and production of metabolites were monitored at different time points, post-priming and training, which depicted enhanced responsiveness. Higher lactate and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) production in vitro suggests heightened glycolysis induced by priming of the cells using β-glucan. A survival rate of 60% was observed in β-glucan trained fish post challenge with virulent S. agalactiae at an LD50 of 2.6 × 107 cfu/ml, providing valuable insights into promising strategies of trained immunity for combating infections in fish.
•Innate immune training using β-glucan can elevate cytokine transcript levels.•Expression of trained immunity markers, mTOR and HIF1α elevated post immune training with β-glucan in tilapia.•Higher lactate and LDH production post β-glucan induction in the supernatant of tilapia head kidney macrophage culture.•Survival rate of 60% in Streptococcus agalactiae-challenged immune trained tilapia.
Efficient conservation efforts for valued fish species such as Bangana devdevi , a medium‐sized minor carp prevalent in Southeast Asian countries, can be facilitated through well‐established ...artificial breeding techniques. This study aimed to investigate the reproductive biology of B. devdevi and focused on optimizing hormone dosages for breeding purposes for the first time. The research findings indicated that the highest gonadosomatic index (GSI) for males (1.17) was observed in August, while for females, it peaked in July (2.24). Female fish exhibited absolute fecundity ranging from 2089 to 26287 eggs, corresponding to body weights ranging between 10.46 and 153.73 g. The relative fecundity ranged from 170 to 298 eggs g −1 of body weight. To induce breeding, female brooders were administered Gonopro‐FH hormone through three experimental groups: G‐FH_0.4, G‐FH_0.5, and G‐FH_0.6, with doses of 0.4 mL, 0.5 mL, and 0.6 mL·kg −1 of body weight, respectively. Spawning occurred within 6–10 h after hormone administration. Among these groups, G‐FH_0.5 exhibited the highest fertilization rate (94.25%) and hatching rate (89.03%), significantly surpassing the rates observed in G‐FH_0.4 and G‐FH_0.6 ( p < 0.05). This study provided valuable insights into the reproductive biology of B. devdevi and emphasized its potential application in developing management and conservation strategies for this species in rivers and tributaries. Furthermore, the knowledge gained from induced breeding holds promise for future large‐scale seed production initiatives.
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a curved, rod-shaped, Gram-negative, halophilic bacterium that is widely disseminated in coastal, marine, and estuarine environments and causes acute gastroenteritis due to ...raw or undercooked seafood consumption, wound infection, and septicemia in humans. A wide variety of virulence factors, such as its toxins, type 3 secretion system, type 6 secretion system, adhesins, urea hydrolysis, and flagellar motility, are responsible for initiating infection and causing illness to the host. The pandemic clone emergence that causes global outbreaks is a major concern. Additionally, V. parahaemolyticus has emerged as a shrimp pathogen that causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease or early mortality syndrome, which threatens the viability of the shrimp aquaculture industry. Moreover, the emergence of multidrug-resistant V. parahaemolyticus strains in seafood and environmental samples in recent years raises a serious concern of human health on seafood safety. This review highlights the prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus in various countries and newly emerging inland saline aquaculture areas, pathogen-associated seafood-borne outbreaks, and various virulence factors. Additionally, it provides updated literature on antibiotic resistance profiles of V. parahaemolyticus from seafood and environmental samples in recent years.
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a curved, rod-shaped, Gram-negative, halophilic bacterium that is widely disseminated in coastal, marine, and estuarine environments and causes acute gastroenteritis due to ...raw or undercooked seafood consumption, wound infection, and septicemia in humans. A wide variety of virulence factors, such as its toxins, type 3 secretion system, type 6 secretion system, adhesins, urea hydrolysis, and flagellar motility, are responsible for initiating infection and causing illness to the host. The pandemic clone emergence that causes global outbreaks is a major concern. Additionally, V. parahaemolyticus has emerged as a shrimp pathogen that causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease or early mortality syndrome, which threatens the viability of the shrimp aquaculture industry. Moreover, the emergence of multidrug-resistant V. parahaemolyticus strains in seafood and environmental samples in recent years raises a serious concern of human health on seafood safety. This review highlights the prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus in various countries and newly emerging inland saline aquaculture areas, pathogen-associated seafood-borne outbreaks, and various virulence factors. Additionally, it provides updated literature on antibiotic resistance profiles of V. parahaemolyticus from seafood and environmental samples in recent years. Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, prevalence, seafood, virulence, Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio parahaemolyticus, kiyi, deniz ve nehir agzi ortamlarinda yaygin olarak gorulen kavisli, gubuk seklinde, Gram-olumsuz, halofilik bir bakteridir. insanlarda cig veya az pismis deniz urunleri tuketimi, yara enfeksiyonu ve septisemi ile iliskili akut gastroenterite neden olur. Toksinleri, tip 3 salgilama sistemi, tip 6 salgilama sistemi, adezinler, ure hidrolizi ve flagellar motilite gibi cok cesitli virulans faktorleri, enfeksiyonu baslatmaktan ve konakcida hastaliga neden olmaktan sorumludur. Kuresel salginlara neden olan pandemik klonlarin ortaya cikmasi buyuk bir endise kaynagidir. Ayrica, V. parahaemolyticus, karides yetistiriciligi endustrisinin canliligini tehdit eden akut hepatopankreatik nekroz hastaligi veya erken olum sendromuna neden olan bir karides patojeni olarak ortaya cikmistir. Ayrica, son yillarda deniz urunleri ve cevresel orneklerde coklu ilaca direncli V. parahaemolyticus suslarinin ortaya cikmasi, deniz urunleri guvenligi konusunda insan sagligi acisindan ciddi bir endise yaratmaktadir. Bu derleme, V. parahaemolyticus'un cesitli ulkelerde ve yeni ortaya cikan ic su baliklandirma alanlarindaki prevalansini, bu patojenle iliskili deniz urunleri kaynakli salginlari ve enfeksiyonu baslatmaktan ve konakcida hastaliga neden olmaktan sorumlu cesitli virulans faktorlerini vurgulamaktadir. Ayrica son yillardaki, deniz urunleri ve cevre orneklerinde V. parahaemolyticus 'un antibiyotik direnc profilleri hakkinda guncel literatur sunmaktadir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Antibiyotik direnci, yayginlik, deniz urunleri, virulans, Vibrio parahaemolyticus
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