In the present study, two new diterpenoid lactones, 3-deoxy-andrographoside (1) and 14-deoxy-15-methoxy-andrographolide (2), were isolated from the aerial parts of Andrographis paniculata. Their ...structures were elucidated by combination of NMR, MS, and chemical methods. The configurations of 1 and 2 were established based on the analysis of ROESY data and single crystal X-ray diffraction experiment.
Background Early enteral feeding （EF） may result in fever, elevated white blood cell count, increased serum levels of liver enzymes, and diarrhea. We name the complications ＂enteral refeeding ...syndrome＂, as a subtype of refeeding syndrome, because they are likely to result from long-term lack of lumen nutrition. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of enteral refeeding syndrome after long-term total parenteral nutrition （TPN）, and the solution for the disease. Methods We collected the clinical data of 100 patients with gastrointestinal fistula, who were cured from Apirl 2001 to July 2002. Their fasting time, daily stool frequency, body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, levels of transaminases, alkaline phosphatase （AKP）, and γ-glutamylcyclotransferase （γ-GT）, white blood cell count, and systemic inflammatory reaction syndrome （SIRS） score were recorded before and 1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 days after EF. Student＇s t test and analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. Results Of the 100 patients, 56 were cured after selective resection of intestinal fistula, 15 were cured by emergency operation, and 29 recovered spontaneously. The levels of AKP and y-GT increased significantly on the 3rd day after EF On the 3rd day after EF, （243.0±121.6） U/L and （177.2±109.9） U/L vs. before EF （181.5±127.5） U/L and （118.4±94.2） U/L, P〈0.05, and decreased gradually afterwards. The SIRS scores on the 1st day （1.05±1.08） and 3rd day （0.96±1.11） after EF were significantly higher than that before EF （0.72＋0.84）, then decreased to 0.83±0.91, 0.49±0.73 and 0.32±0.60 on the 5th, 10th and 15th days after EE The number of patients with diarrhea at 1, 3, 5, 10 and 15 days post-EF were 31, 26, 12, 13, and 7, respectively. Conclusions The longer the TPN lasts, the more severe the enteral refeeding syndrome becomes. Continuous EF is effective for the syndrome. Early enteral nutrition is useful in preventing it.
China's high-speed rail (HSR) construction provides an ideal 'quasi-natural experiment' in which regional issues are investigated. This study explores how HSR affects innovation efficiency and ...explores the mediating effect of urban form. Based on panel data comprising 280 cities in China from 2006 to 2016, this study uses a time-varying difference-in-differences method to analyze whether HSR affects regional innovation, and it explores the mediating effect of urban form. The results show the following. (1) HSR significantly promotes regional innovation. The parallel trend test shows that the treatment group and the control group have the same trend before HSR construction. (2) Knowledge spillovers are important manifestations through which HSR promotes regional innovation. HSR can significantly improve the level of total factor productivity and human capital. (3) Urban form mediates the impact of HSR on regional innovation significantly, which varies across the different indexes of different urban forms.
Background Treatment option for metastatic breast cancer （MBC） patients pre-treated with chemotherapy is limited. Oral etoposide has shown some promises in these patients. However, patients who ...received heavy prior chemotherapy may have poor tolerance to prolonged oral etoposide exposure. This study is a single-arm clinical trial that evaluates the efficacy and safety of short-term oral etoposide in Chinese patients with MBC who had received heavy prior therapy.
Selective autophagy mediates specific degradation of unwanted cytoplasmic components to maintain cellular homeostasis. The suppressor of gene silencing 3 (SGS3) and RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase 6 ...(RDR6)‐formed bodies (SGS3/RDR6 bodies) are essential for siRNA amplification in planta. However, whether autophagy receptors regulate selective turnover of SGS3/RDR6 bodies is unknown. By analyzing the transcriptomic response to virus infection in Arabidopsis, we identified a virus‐induced small peptide 1 (VISP1) composed of 71 amino acids, which harbor a ubiquitin‐interacting motif that mediates interaction with autophagy‐related protein 8. Overexpression of VISP1 induced selective autophagy and compromised antiviral immunity by inhibiting SGS3/RDR6‐dependent viral siRNA amplification, whereas visp1 mutants exhibited opposite effects. Biochemistry assays demonstrate that VISP1 interacted with SGS3 and mediated autophagic degradation of SGS3/RDR6 bodies. Further analyses revealed that overexpression of VISP1, mimicking the sgs3 mutant, impaired biogenesis of endogenous trans‐acting siRNAs and up‐regulated their targets. Collectively, we propose that VISP1 is a small peptide receptor functioning in the crosstalk between selective autophagy and RNA silencing.
Synopsis
Genomic analyses have predicted numerous potentially expressed small peptides in plants, but their functions remain largely unknown. Here, a virus‐induced peptide is identified as a new autophagy receptor triggering degradation of SGS3/RDR6‐bodies and negatively regulating siRNA amplification.
VISP1 is a novel virus‐induced small peptide composed of 71 amino acids in Arabidopsis.
VISP1 harbors a ubiquitin‐interacting motif (UIM), which mediates the interaction with ATG8.
VISP1 serves as a new autophagy receptor and triggers autophagic degradation of SGS3/RDR6‐bodies.
VISP1 negatively regulates SGS3/RDR6‐dependent siRNA amplification.
VISP1, a small virus‐induced peptide, functions as an autophagy receptor to negatively regulate SGS3/RDR6‐dependent siRNA amplification in plants.
Based on the improved Tapio decoupling model and geographic information system spatial analysis technology, this paper studied the spatial and temporal pattern evolution law of the decoupling ...relationship between innovation capability and resource consumption in 283 cities in China. The non-residual complete decomposition model was used to decompose the rebound effect of resource consumption in China's urban innovation development. We found (1) during the study period, innovation capability and resource consumption in Chinese cities showed a weak decoupling state. (2) Regions with significant decoupling showed a trend of spatial agglomeration, and the gap in the degree of urban decoupling gradually narrowed. (3) The increase in urban population growth and innovation intensity in China have a positive pull effect on resource consumption. The improvement in resource efficiency has an inhibitory effect on resource consumption, but this inhibition is less than the effect of population scale and innovation intensity on resource consumption.
The advancement of technological innovations may facilitate the coordinated development of the economy and ecological environment (EGE); however, few studies have noted the role of innovation ...efficiency (INEF) as a bridge between economic development and EGE. To fill in this gap, this paper adopts DMSP/OLS nighttime light data to measure the level of economic development and the improved data envelopment analysis model to measure INEF, establishing an index system to quantify EGE. Then we propose the panel threshold-mediating (PTM) model that combines the panel threshold model and the mediating effect model. On these bases, considering INEF as a mediator, we use this novel PTM model to empirically test the nonlinear relationship between economic development and EGE in 283 Chinese cities from 2003 to 2018. The results indicate that (1) while economic development can improve EGE, its positive impact on EGE differs with different INEF thresholds. A higher INEF threshold indicates a stronger positive effect of economic development on EGE. (2) For the entire sample, the mediating effect of INEF between economic development and EGE is not significant. However, after applying the PTM model, we found that the mediating effect of INEF was concealed by the sample population. (3) When INEF is lower than 0.2381, its complete mediating effect is verified. When INEF is higher than 0.2381, its mediating effect is not significant. On the contrary, economic development directly improves EGE. (4) Industrial agglomeration, the scale of government expenditure, residents’ education level, degree of opening up, and transport infrastructure are all conducive to EGE. These findings can help cities at different INEF levels to achieve coordinated development of economy and EGE.
AIM:To evaluate the feasibility of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS)for severe jaundice secondary to acute Budd-Chiari syndrome(BCS).METHODS:From February 2009 to March ...2013,37patients with severe jaundice secondary to acute BCS were treated.Sixteen patients without hepatic venule,hepatic veins(HV)obstruction underwent percutaneous angioplasty of the inferior vena cava(IVC)and/or HVs.Twenty-one patients with HV occlusion underwent TIPS.Serum bilirubin,liver function,demographic data and operative data of the two groups of patients were analyzed.RESULTS:Twenty-one patients underwent TIPS and the technical success rate was 100%,with no technical complications.Sixteen patients underwent recanalization of the IVC and/or HVs and the technical success rate was 100%.The mean procedure time for TIPS was 84.0±12.11 min and angioplasty was44.11±5.12 min(P<0.01).The mean portosystemic pressure in the TIPS group decreased significantly from 40.50±4.32 to 16.05±3.50 mm Hg(P<0.01).The mean portosystemic pressure gradient decreased significantly from 33.60±2.62 to 7.30±2.21 mm Hg(P<0.01).At 8 wk after the procedures,in the TIPS group,total bilirubin(TBIL)decreased significantly from 266.24±122.03 before surgery to 40.11±3.52μmol/L(P<0.01)and direct bilirubin(DBIL)decreased significantly from 194.22±69.82μmol/L to 29.82±3.10μmol/L(P<0.01).In the angioplasty group,bilirubin returned to the normal range,with TBIL decreased significantly from 258.22±72.71μmol/L to 13.33±3.54μmol/L(P<0.01)and DBIL from175.08±39.27 to 4.03±1.74μmol/L(P<0.01).Liver function improved faster than TBIL.After 2 wk,in the TIPS group,alanine aminotransferase(ALT)decreased significantly from 50.33±40.61 U/L to 28.67±7.02U/L(P<0.01)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)from 49.46±34.33 U/L to 26.89±8.68 U/L(P<0.01).In the angioplasty group,ALT decreased significantly from 51.56±27.90 to 14.22±2.59μmol/L(P<0.01)and AST from 60.66±39.89μmol/L to 8.18±1.89μmol/L(P<0.01).After mean follow-up of 12.6 mo,there was no recurrence of jaundice in either group.CONCLUSION:Severe jaundice is not a contraindication for TIPS in patients with acute BCS and TIPS is appropriate for severe jaundice due to BCS.
Environmental degradation, often evidenced by haze, has not only increased the cost of China’s economic development, but its unfair distribution among regional development, social hierarchy, and ...generations has also reduced quality of life. Hence, this study uses cross-sectional data from Didi, a Chinese ridesourcing service company, from 2017 to study the impact mechanism of shared mobility on haze. First, it applies the generalized spatial two-stage least squares model after controlling for urban economic, geographic, transportation, meteorological, and policy variables. We then use urbanization depth (urban agglomeration) and breadth (urban sprawl) variables, which represent the intensity and scope of human activities, respectively, as mediators to test the transmission mechanism from shared mobility to haze. Finally, differences based on urban heterogeneity were tested in the end. The study finds that the scale of ridesourcing and haze show a significant U-shaped relationship: the initial development of ridesourcing has a significant effect on reducing haze, but will then intensify haze as it develops to scales such as those of Beijing and Shenzhen. Moreover, the depth of urbanization is the main transmission mechanism of haze. This conclusion is verified in Tier 3 cities and above; however, the transmission mechanism in Tier 4 and Tier 5 cities is not obvious, indicating that the scale of ridesourcing should be compatible with the scale of urban development. Therefore, the design of emission reduction policies should be considered from the perspective of urban agglomeration.
Ceramic stereolithography (CSL) is an additive manufacturing method for creating ceramic three-dimensional (3D) objects via the layer-by-layer photopolymerization of a ceramic suspension. A key ...challenge in CSL is that support structures are required for building overhanging structures to prevent part damage or deformation caused by gravity or process-induced shears. Removing the support structures can result in issues such as poor surface quality, high risk of cracking, etc. To overcome this challenge, this article presents a new CSL-based ceramic fabrication method that uses an elasto-viscoplastic ceramic suspension as the feedstock material. The suspension’s inherently strong interparticle resistive force can support overhangs without the need for building additional support structures; a temperature-controlled layer-coating module is designed to dynamically form a localized suspension bridge above the free surface of previously deposited materials, which allows for the application of fresh thin layers with a controlled shear force. The article presents material design and characterizations and discusses key process parameters and their effects on the geometry retention of fabricated overhangs. This new process provides the potential for fabricating ceramic 3D objects with complex overhangs, such as vascular networks, biomimetic heat exchangers, and microreactors.
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