Heat waves (HWs) and urban heat islands (UHIs) can potentially interact. The mechanisms behind their synergy are not fully disclosed. Starting from the localized UHI phenomenon, this study aims i) to ...reveal their associated impacts on human thermal comfort through three different definitions of HW events, based on air temperature (airT), wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) and human-perceived temperature (AppT) respectively, and ii) to understand the role of air moisture and wind. The analysis was conducted in four districts (NH, JD, MH and XJH) with different urban development patterns and geographic conditions, in the megacity of Shanghai with a subtropical humid climate.
Results evidenced the localized interplay between HWs and UHIs. The results indicate that less urbanized districts were generally more sensitive to the synergies. JD district recorded the highest urban heat island intensity (UHII) amplification, regardless of the specific HW definition. Notably, during AppT-HWs, the increment was observed in terms of maximum (1.3 °C), daily average (0.8 °C), diurnal (0.4 °C) and nocturnal UHII (1.0 °C). Nevertheless, localized synergies between HWs and UHIs at different stations also exhibited some commonalities. Under airT-HW, the UHII was amplified throughout the day at all stations. Under WBGT-HW, diurnal UHII (especially at 11:00–17:00 LST) was consistently amplified at all stations. Under AppT-HW conditions, the nocturnal UHII was slightly amplified at all stations. Air moisture and wind alleviated the synergistic heat exacerbation to the benefit of thermal comfort. The extent depended on geographic condition, diurnal and nocturnal scenarios, temperature type and HW/normal conditions. Stronger HW-UHI synergies indicate the necessity to develop specific urban heat emergency response plans, able to capture and intervene on the underlying mechanisms. This study paves to way to their identification.
The heterogeneous Fenton reaction can generate highly reactive hydroxyl radicals（·OH）from reactions between recyclable solid catalysts and H2O2 at acidic or even circumneutral pH.Hence,it can ...effectively oxidize refractory organics in water or soils and has become a promising environmentally friendly treatment technology.Due to the complex reaction system,the mechanism behind heterogeneous Fenton reactions remains unresolved but fascinating,and is crucial for understanding Fenton chemistry and the development and application of efficient heterogeneous Fenton technologies.Iron-based materials usually possess high catalytic activity,low cost,negligible toxicity and easy recovery,and are a superior type of heterogeneous Fenton catalysts.Therefore,this article reviews the fundamental but important interfacial mechanisms of heterogeneous Fenton reactions catalyzed by iron-based materials..OH,hydroperoxyl radicals/superoxide anions（HO2./O2^-.）and high-valent iron are the three main types of reactive oxygen species（ROS）,with different oxidation reactivity and selectivity.Based on the mechanisms of ROS generation,the interfacial mechanisms of heterogeneous Fenton systems can be classified as the homogeneous Fenton mechanism induced by surface-leached iron,the heterogeneous catalysis mechanism,and the heterogeneous reaction-induced homogeneous mechanism.Different heterogeneous Fenton systems catalyzed by characteristic iron-based materials are comprehensively reviewed.Finally,related future research directions are also suggested.
: Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone malignancy, and the lung is the most frequent site of metastasis. The limited understanding of the tumoral heterogeneity and evolutionary process of ...genomic alterations in pulmonary metastatic osteosarcoma impedes development of novel therapeutic strategies. Here we systematically illustrate the genomic disparities between primary tumors and corresponding pulmonary metastatic tumors by multiregional whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing in 86 tumor regions from 10 patients with osteosarcoma. Metastatic tumors exhibited a significantly higher mutational burden and genomic instability compared with primary tumors, possibly due to accumulation of mutations caused by a greater number of alterations in DNA damage response genes in metastatic tumors. Integrated analysis of the architecture and relationships of subclones revealed a dynamic mutational process and diverse dissemination patterns of osteosarcoma during pulmonary metastasis (6/10 with linear and 4/10 with parallel evolutionary patterns). All patients demonstrated more significant intertumoral rather than intratumoral heterogeneity between primary tumors and metastatic tumors. Mutated genes were enriched in the
pathway at both the early and late stages of tumor evolution and in the
pathway at the metastatic stage. Conversely, metastatic tumors showed improved immunogenicity, including higher neoantigen load, elevated PD-L1 expression, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes than the corresponding primary tumors. Our study is the first to report the dynamic evolutionary process and temporospatial tumor heterogeneity of pulmonary metastatic osteosarcoma, providing new insights for diagnosis and potential therapeutic strategies for pulmonary metastasis. SIGNIFICANCE: High-throughput sequencing of primary and metastatic osteosarcoma provides new insights into the diagnosis of and potential clinical therapeutic strategies for pulmonary metastasis.
Numerous ongoing trials are testing anti-PD-1-based or anti-PD-L1-based cancer treatment combinations. Understanding the toxicity profiles of treatment-related adverse events is essential. The aim of ...this study was to comprehensively investigate the incidences and profiles of treatment-related adverse events across different combination therapies.
We did a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing different chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy combinations with PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors. We searched Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane databases for articles published in English between Jan 1, 2000, and May 21, 2020, investigating globally approved PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor-based combination therapies. Only prospective trials reporting overall incidence or tabulated data of treatment-related adverse events were included. Trials investigating sequential therapies, comprising three or more classes of therapies, and enrolling less than ten patients were excluded. The primary outcomes were overall incidences and profiles for all-grade and grade 3 or higher treatment-related adverse events by random-effect models. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed with I2 statistics. The summary measures for main outcomes are incidences (95% CI). The 95% CI were calculated together with the incidence through a random-effects model with a logit transformation. The protocol is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020189617).
We identified 2540 records, of which 161 studies (17 197 patients) met the inclusion criteria. The overall incidence of treatment-related adverse events in the chemotherapy combination was 97·7% (95% CI 96·4–98·5; I2=75%) for all-grade adverse events and 68·3% (60·7–75·0; I2=93%) for grade 3 or higher adverse events; in the targeted therapy combination was 94·5% (90·7–96·8; I2=86%) for all-grade adverse events and 47·3% (37·3–57·5; I2=93%) for grade 3 or higher adverse events; in the immunotherapy combination was 86·8% (80·9–91·1; I2=94%) for all-grade adverse events and 35·9% (29·5–42·9; I2=92%) for grade 3 or higher adverse events; and in the radiotherapy combination was 89·4% (69·0–96·9; I2=74%) for all-grade adverse events and 12·4% (4·4–30·6; I2=73%) for grade 3 or higher adverse events. For these four combination therapies, the most common all-grade adverse events were anaemia (45.4% 95% CI 32·4–59·1), fatigue (34·3% 27·5–41·9), fatigue (26·4% 19·2–35·2), and dysphagia (30·0% 18·7–44·5), respectively, and the most common grade 3 or higher adverse events were neutropenia (19·6% 13·5–27·7), hypertension (9·3% 5·7–14·9), lipase increased (7·2% 5·2–9·9), and lymphopenia (10·3% 4·5–21·8). All included randomised controlled trials had a low risk of bias.
Our study provides comprehensive data on treatment-related adverse events of different PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor-based combination therapies. Our results provide an essential reference of toxicity profiles of PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor-based combination therapies for clinicians in routine practice of cancer care.
National Key Research and Development Programme, National Natural Science Foundation of China key program, National Natural Science Foundation of China general program, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Initiative for Innovative Medicine, Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission, Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund.
National Cancer Center (NCC) of China annually reports the nationwide statistics for cancer incidence and mortality using population-based cancer registry data from all available cancer registries in ...China.
There were a total of 487 registries which reported high quality data of cancer incidence and mortality across China in 2016. The nationwide numbers of new cancer cases and deaths were estimated using the pooled cancer registry data, which were stratified by area (urban/rural), sex, age group (0, 1-4, 5-9, 10-14…85+) and cancer site for incidence and mortality, and then multiplied by corresponding national population. The world Segi's population was applied for the calculation of age-standardized rates.
About 4,064,000 new cancer cases and 2,413,500 new cancer deaths occurred in China in 2016. Cancers of the lung, colon-rectum, stomach, liver and female breast were the top five common cancers, accounting for 57.4% of total cancer new cases. Cancers of the lung, liver, stomach, colon-rectum and esophagus were the five leading causes of cancer deaths, accounting for 69.3% of total cancer deaths. The crude and age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) were 293.91 and 186.46 per 100,000 population, respectively. The crude mortality rate was 174.55/100,000 and the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) was 105.19/100,000. The ASIR was higher but the ASMR was lower in urban areas than that in rural areas. In past decades, the ASIR was relatively stable in males, but significantly increased by about 2.3% per year in females for overall cancers combined. In contrast, the ASMR significantly decreased by about 1.2% per year for both sexes during 2000-2016. Notably, the cancer-specific ASIR and ASMR of esophageal, stomach, and liver cancers decreased significantly, whereas both rates for cancers of the colon-rectum, prostate, female breast, cervix, and thyroid increased significantly.
Cancer remains a major public health problem in China, which demands long-term collaborative efforts of a broad community. With the national guideline on cancer prevention and control, tailored cancer prevention and control programs are needed in different regions to help reduce the burden of these highly fatal diseases in China.
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•Typical characteristics of LST and its variations over LULC types were identified.•Profile analysis was conducted to examine radial characteristics of LST.•Circumferential ...characteristics of LST was examined by concentric zonal analysis.•Building and road are the main divers leading to hot LST.•Predictive models for LST were developed based on MLRM and PLSRM.
In this study, relationships between land use/land cover (LULC) types and land surface temperature (LST) patterns in Shenyang, China were investigated using Landsat 8 image. Typical characteristics of LST in summer time and temperature variations over all LULC types were firstly examined. Afterwards, spatial distribution of LST in radial and circumferential directions was characterized based on profile and concentric zonal analysis, in which contributions of LULC types to LST were studied. In addition, models that can effectively predict LST distribution were developed based on multiple linear regression method (MLRM) and the partial least squares regression method (PLSRM). Results indicate that (1) LST of the study area mainly ranges from 32°C to 41°C, where building and road are main drivers leading to hot temperatures. (2) Temperature profiles vary greatly with LULC types, while urban expansion along central axis causes to horizontal arrangement of building and road, resulting in hot but small-fluctuated LST temperature in 0° and 180°. (3) Mean and standard deviation of LST in concentric zones are 36.0±4.2°C, and LST over all LULC types follows the following pattern: building>road>bare land>agricultural land>green land>water bodies. Due to large proportions of building and road, Buffer 3, 4 and 5 undergo the highest temperature. Although green land and water bodies show significant capability to mitigate UHI effects, cooling effects are unapparent when their sizes are small. (4) Both models developed on MLRM and PLSRM have high degree of accuracy, while the latter is more reasonable for different coefficients can respectively indicate negative and positive roles of LULC types in affecting surface temperature. In general, this study can assist urban planners and policy makers to understand relationships between local LULC types versus LST patterns, and can help them predict UHI patterns along rapid urban expansion, and then make rational urban planning decisions for UHI mitigation.
This study presents an integrated mineralogical and geochemical database on mud and sand transported by the Pearl River (Zhujiang) and coastal rivers of SE China. Clay mineralogy and ...bulk-geochemistry of fluvial sediments are used to trace changes in weathering intensity across South China, a vast tropical to subtropical region characterized by a strong longitudinal rainfall gradient. The control of climate-induced weathering is manifest in the mineralogy and geochemistry of Pearl River mud, although mud and, to a greater extent, sand composition are also largely affected by the lithology of parent rocks. The depletion in mobile alkali and alkaline-earth metals increases steadily from the drier western part of the Pearl River catchment to the wetter eastern part and is most marked in easternmost tributaries of the Pearl River and in southern coastal rivers. Na and Ca are the most strongly depleted elements in Pearl River sediments, whereas the low concentration of Ca and Mg in river sand of coastal SE China also reflects the felsic character of parent rocks in the Cathaysia block. Eastward-increasing weathering conditions are most clearly highlighted by the progressive eastward increase in kaolinite across the Pearl River catchment, whereas the weathering effect in sand is blurred by quartz addition owing to widespread recycling of quartz-rich siliciclastic source rocks.
This actualistic case study from a region characterized by monsoonal climate underscores the care that should be taken while inferring climatic conditions from the geochemical composition of sediments and sedimentary rocks, which is controlled by multiple geological factors including the felsic versus mafic character of parent rocks and the presence of extensive carbonate or siliciclastic covers in source areas. Most reliable indications are provided by the kaolinite/(illite+chlorite) ratio and by αAl indices for Na, Ca, Mg and Sr, which consistently increase eastward across South China thus paralleling the marked eastward increase in monsoonal precipitation towards the coast.
Detangling the effects of grain size, recycling, and weathering on the chemical signature of river sediments in tropical South China. All plots show the prominent effect of quartz recycling for sand (squares) and of chemical weathering for mud (circles). Display omitted
•Mineralogical and geochemical proxies trace weathering intensity across South China.•The effects of weathering and source-rock lithology are detangled by αAl indices.•Sand geochemistry primarily reflects source-rock lithology and quartz recycling.•αAl indices in mud increase steadily from cold dry Tibet to the hot humid coast.•The kaolinite/(illite+chlorite) ratio best matches gradients of monsoonal rainfall.
•Cement industry has become one of the key industrial emission sectors in China.•All the 1574 Chinese cement factories were investigated for their CO2 emissions.•Yangtze River Delta region is the key ...region of cement emissions.•Ownership of cement enterprises should be carefully considered in the policy preparation.
This paper targets to evaluate the overall CO2 emissions from cement industry based on the detailed information of China’s total 1574 cement enterprises in 2013. State-owned enterprises and large scale enterprises dominate the total CO2 emissions, accounting for 59.35% and 61.87% of the total emissions respectively. The process emission intensities of all enterprises ranged among 500–600kg CO2/t clinker, while the energy emission intensities varied among different enterprises, with an average level of 348kg CO2/t clinker and a standarddeviation of 233kg CO2/t clinker. The average CO2 emissions performance of China’s cement enterprises (806kg CO2/t clinker) is 35kg CO2/t clinker lower than the global level in 2013. The CO2 emissions intensity of the best 20th clinker production, which is lower than the IEA’s 2020 target, could be the entry threshold for future new enterprises and top runner bench mark for the existing enterprises. The Yangtze River Delta region is the most important hotspot of the cement CO2 emissions. Wuhu & Tongling are the hottest emission centers, with an average of 8288ton of CO2 emissions per square kilometers. Ownership of cement enterprises should be carefully considered in the policy preparation. Favorable policies could focus on medium sized facilities and facilities in the ENDI type along the Silk Road Economic Belt.
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This paper proposes an innovative and high efficiency process to fabricate Cr-Ni stainless steel components using a double-wire feed and plasma arc additive manufacturing process ...(DWF-PAM). The superior characteristics exhibited by DWF-PAM processing in terms of the bead appearance, microstructure, and mechanical properties of all the test components, were investigated. The results show that, at the same process parameters, in contrast to the single-wire feed and plasma additive manufacturing (SWF-PAM) process, the deposition rate in the DWF-PAM process increased by 1.06 times on an average. A large number of complete grown equiaxed ferrite (CGEF) grains were found in the interface area close to the next layer of the DWF-PAM-processed sample; while for the SWF-PAM-processed samples, incomplete grown equiaxed ferrite grains were observed in same area. The CGEF grains provided a significant improvement to the ultimate tensile strengths and elongation rates of the DWF-PAM-processed samples. The ultimate tensile strength increased by 10.2% on an average, while the maximal increment of the elongation rate reached 176%. In view of these results, components manufactured by the DWF process can have a finer-grained microstructure and superior mechanical properties compared to those manufactured by the SWF process. Moreover, a higher deposition rate can also be achieved with the DWF-PAM process.
The modern Pearl River originates from SE Tibet and debouches into the South China Sea. The development of the Pearl River is closely related to the evolving topography following the tectonic ...evolution of the southern China continental margin and uplift of Tibet caused by the India-Eurasia collision. How topographic changes affected the development of the Pearl River, however, is still unclear. Here we use original and literature data on detrital zircon ages from both modern Pearl River sands and ancient strata drilled in offshore basins to reconstruct the evolution of the paleo-Pearl River catchment through time. Six phases are identified: 1) Early Cretaceous: the paleo-Pacific plate was subducting beneath the South China block and topography in South China was tilted to the west. The paleo-Dong River began to develop with limited length. 2) Late Cretaceous: back-arc extension in the South China Sea contributed further to the west-tilted topography. The paleo-Bei River started to develop and the paleo-Dong River continued to expand across southeasternmost China. 3) Paleocene to Eocene: active rifting in the South China Sea induced a major topographic change. The paleo-Dong and paleo-Bei joined, forming the paleo-Lower Xi River. 4) Early Oligocene: active uplift of Tibet and onset of sea-floor spreading in the South China Sea led to subsidence in the Cathaysia block. The paleo-Dong, paleo-Bei, and paleo-Lower Xi rivers remained limited to eastern Cathaysia. 5) Late Oligocene: accelerated uplift of eastern Tibet and post-rift subsidence of the northern South China Sea margin induced a radical change in the landscape of southern China, and transition from west-tilting to east-tilting topography. The paleo-Pearl River started to incorporate also its present western branches. 6) Early to middle Miocene: the east-tilting topography was enhanced during rapid uplift of Tibet and progressive closure of the proto-South China Sea, while the Pearl River evolved to its present configuration.
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