We present sensitive 850 m imaging of the Cosmological Evolution Survey (COSMOS) field using 640 hr of new and archival observations taken with SCUBA-2 at the East Asian Observatory's James Clerk ...Maxwell Telescope. The SCUBA-2 COSMOS survey (S2COSMOS) achieves a median noise level of 850 m = 1.2 mJy beam−1 over an area of 1.6 sq. degree (main; Hubble Space Telescope/Advanced Camera for Surveys footprint), and 850 m = 1.7 mJy beam−1 over an additional 1 sq. degree of supplementary (supp) coverage. We present a catalog of 1020 and 127 sources detected at a significance level of >4 and >4.3 in the main and supp regions, respectively, corresponding to a uniform 2% false-detection rate. We construct the single-dish 850 m number counts at S850 > 2 mJy and show that these S2COSMOS counts are in agreement with previous single-dish surveys, demonstrating that degree-scale fields are sufficient to overcome the effects of cosmic variance in the S850 = 2-10 mJy population. To investigate the properties of the galaxies identified by S2COSMOS sources we measure the surface density of near-infrared-selected galaxies around their positions and identify an average excess of 2.0 0.2 galaxies within a 13″ radius (∼100 kpc at z ∼ 2). The bulk of these galaxies represent near-infrared-selected submillimeter galaxies and/or spatially correlated sources and lie at a median photometric redshift of z = 2.0 0.1. Finally, we perform a stacking analysis at submillimeter and far-infrared wavelengths of stellar-mass-selected galaxies (M = 1010-1012 M ) from z = 0-4, obtaining high-significance detections at 850 m in all subsets (signal-to-noise ratio, S/N = 4-30), and investigate the relation between far-infrared luminosity, stellar mass, and the peak wavelength of the dust spectral energy distribution. The publication of this survey adds a new deep, uniform submillimeter layer to the wavelength coverage of this well-studied COSMOS field.
Public health is a priority for the Chinese Government. Evidence-based decision making for health at the province level in China, which is home to a fifth of the global population, is of paramount ...importance. This analysis uses data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to help inform decision making and monitor progress on health at the province level.
We used the methods in GBD 2017 to analyse health patterns in the 34 province-level administrative units in China from 1990 to 2017. We estimated all-cause and cause-specific mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), summary exposure values (SEVs), and attributable risk. We compared the observed results with expected values estimated based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI).
Stroke and ischaemic heart disease were the leading causes of death and DALYs at the national level in China in 2017. Age-standardised DALYs per 100 000 population decreased by 33·1% (95% uncertainty interval UI 29·8 to 37·4) for stroke and increased by 4·6% (–3·3 to 10·7) for ischaemic heart disease from 1990 to 2017. Age-standardised stroke, ischaemic heart disease, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and liver cancer were the five leading causes of YLLs in 2017. Musculoskeletal disorders, mental health disorders, and sense organ diseases were the three leading causes of YLDs in 2017, and high systolic blood pressure, smoking, high-sodium diet, and ambient particulate matter pollution were among the leading four risk factors contributing to deaths and DALYs. All provinces had higher than expected DALYs per 100 000 population for liver cancer, with the observed to expected ratio ranging from 2·04 to 6·88. The all-cause age-standardised DALYs per 100 000 population were lower than expected in all provinces in 2017, and among the top 20 level 3 causes were lower than expected for ischaemic heart disease, Alzheimer's disease, headache disorder, and low back pain. The largest percentage change at the national level in age-standardised SEVs among the top ten leading risk factors was in high body-mass index (185%, 95% UI 113·1 to 247·7), followed by ambient particulate matter pollution (88·5%, 66·4 to 116·4).
China has made substantial progress in reducing the burden of many diseases and disabilities. Strategies targeting chronic diseases, particularly in the elderly, should be prioritised in the expanding Chinese health-care system.
China National Key Research and Development Program and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
We report Magnetospheric Multiscale observations of reconnection in a thin current sheet at the interface of interlinked flux tubes carried by converging reconnection jets at Earth's magnetopause. ...The ion skin depth‐scale width of the interface current sheet and the non‐frozen‐in ions indicate that Magnetospheric Multiscale crossed the reconnection layer near the X‐line, through the ion diffusion region. Significant pileup of the reconnecting component of the magnetic field in this and three other events on approach to the interface current sheet was accompanied by an increase in magnetic shear and decrease in Δβ, leading to conditions favorable for reconnection at the interface current sheet. The pileup also led to enhanced available magnetic energy per particle and strong electron heating. The observations shed light on the evolution and energy release in 3‐D systems with multiple reconnection sites.
Plain Language Summary
The Earth and the solar wind magnetic fields interconnect through a process called magnetic reconnection. The newly reconnected magnetic field lines are strongly bent and accelerate particles, similar to a rubber band in a slingshot. In this paper we have used observations from NASA's Magnetospheric MultiScale spacecraft to investigate what happens when two of these slingshot‐like magnetic field lines move toward each other and get tangled up. We found that the two bent magnetic field lines tend to orient themselves perpendicular to each other as they become interlinked and stretched, similar to what rubber bands would do. This reorientation allows the interlinked magnetic fields to reconnect again, releasing part of the built‐up magnetic energy as strong electron heating. The results are important because they show how interlinked magnetic fields, which occur in many solar and astrophysics contexts, reconnect and produce enhanced electron heating, something that was not understood before.
Key Points
Magnetic flux pileup observed upstream of reconnecting current sheet at the interface of converging reconnection jets
Magnetic flux pileup was accompanied by increase in magnetic shear and decrease in Δβ, leading to conditions favorable for reconnection
Magnetic flux pileup leads to enhanced available magnetic energy per particle and strong electron heating
Background
Primary tumour location is emerging as an important prognostic factor in localized and metastatic colorectal cancers. However, its prognostic role in colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) ...after hepatectomy remains controversial. A systematic review and meta‐analysis was undertaken to evaluate its prognostic value.
Methods
References were identified through searches of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library comparing overall or disease‐free survival after hepatic resection between patients with CRLM originating from right‐ or left‐sided colorectal cancers. Data were pooled using hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 per cent confidence intervals according to a random‐effects model. Meta‐regression and subgroup analyses were conducted to assess the effect of underlying confounding factors on HR estimates and to adjust for this.
Results
The final analysis included 21 953 patients from 45 study cohorts. Compared with left‐sided primary tumour location, right‐sided location was associated with worse overall survival (HR 1·39, 95 per cent c.i. 1·28 to 1·51; P < 0·001; prediction interval 1·00 to 1·93), and also tended to have a negative impact on disease‐free survival (HR 1·18, 1·06 to 1·32; P = 0·004; prediction interval 0·79 to 1·75). Subgroup analysis showed that the negative effect of right‐sided primary tumour location on overall survival was more prominent in the non‐Asian population (HR 1·47, 1·33 to 1·62) than the Asian population (HR 1·18, 1·05 to 1·32) (P for interaction <0·01).
Conclusion
This study demonstrated a prognostic role for primary tumour location in patients with CRLM receiving hepatectomy, especially regarding overall survival. Adding primary tumour location may provide important optimization of prognosis prediction models for CRLM in current use.
Antecedentes
La ubicación del tumor primario (primary tumor location, PTL) ha surgido como un factor pronóstico importante en los cánceres colorrectales (colorectal cancers, CRCs) localizados y metastásicos. Sin embargo, todavía se discute su relevancia como factor pronóstico tras la resección de metástasis hepáticas de cáncer colorrectal (colorectal liver metastases, CRLM). Se realizó una revisión sistemática y un metaanálisis para determinar su valor pronóstico.
Métodos
En PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science y la Biblioteca Cochrane se identificaron los trabajos que compararon la supervivencia global (overall survival, OS) y la supervivencia libre de enfermedad (disease‐free survival, DFS) tras la resección hepática de CRLM cuyo CRCs estuviese situado en el lado derecho o izquierdo. Los datos se expresaron en forma del cociente de riesgos instantáneos (hazard ratio, HR) e intervalos de confianza del 95% (i.c. del 95%) de acuerdo con un modelo de efectos aleatorios. Se efectuaron análisis de metarregresión y de subgrupos para evaluar el efecto de los factors de confusión existentes en las estimaciones de HR, ajustando por los mismos.
Resultados
El análisis final incluyó 21.953 pacientes de cohortes de 45 estudios. La PTL en el lado derecho en comparación con el lado izquierdo se asoció con una peor supervivencia global (HR 1,39; i.c. del 95% 1,28‐1,51; P < 0,001; intervalo de predicción 1,00‐1,93) y una tendencia a un impacto negativo en la DFS (HR 1,18; i.c. del 95% 1,06‐1,32; P = 0,004; intervalo de predicción 0,79‐1,75). El análisis de subgrupos mostró que el efecto negativo de la PTL del lado derecho en la OS fue más prominente en la población no asiática (HR 1,47; i.c. del 95% 1,33‐1,62) que en la asiática (HR 1,18; i.c. del 95% 1,05‐1,32; Pinteracción < 0,01).
Conclusión
Este estudio demostró que la PTL tiene un papel pronóstico tras la hepatectomía de las CRLM, especialmente respecto a la OS. La adición de la PTL proporcionaría una optimización importante en los modelos actuales de predicción pronóstica de CRLM.
The prognostic role of primary tumour location in colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) after hepatectomy remains controversial. This meta‐analysis demonstrated a prognostic role of primary tumour location in CRLM receiving hepatectomy, especially regarding overall survival.
Primary tumor location has prognostic value
Worldwide, some 240 million people have chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV), with the highest rates of infection in Africa and Asia. Our understanding of the natural history of HBV infection and the ...potential for therapy of the resultant disease is continuously improving. New data have become available since the previous APASL guidelines for management of HBV infection were published in 2012. The objective of this manuscript is to update the recommendations for the optimal management of chronic HBV infection. The 2015 guidelines were developed by a panel of Asian experts chosen by the APASL. The clinical practice guidelines are based on evidence from existing publications or, if evidence was unavailable, on the experts’ personal experience and opinion after deliberations. Manuscripts and abstracts of important meetings published through January 2015 have been evaluated. This guideline covers the full spectrum of care of patients infected with hepatitis B, including new terminology, natural history, screening, vaccination, counseling, diagnosis, assessment of the stage of liver disease, the indications, timing, choice and duration of single or combination of antiviral drugs, screening for HCC, management in special situations like childhood, pregnancy, coinfections, renal impairment and pre- and post-liver transplant, and policy guidelines. However, areas of uncertainty still exist, and clinicians, patients, and public health authorities must therefore continue to make choices on the basis of the evolving evidence. The final clinical practice guidelines and recommendations are presented here, along with the relevant background information.
Magnetic reconnection is an energy conversion process that occurs in many astrophysical contexts including Earth's magnetosphere, where the process can be investigated in situ by spacecraft. On 11 ...July 2017, the four Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft encountered a reconnection site in Earth's magnetotail, where reconnection involves symmetric inflow conditions. The electron-scale plasma measurements revealed (i) super-Alfvénic electron jets reaching 15,000 kilometers per second; (ii) electron meandering motion and acceleration by the electric field, producing multiple crescent-shaped structures in the velocity distributions; and (iii) the spatial dimensions of the electron diffusion region with an aspect ratio of 0.1 to 0.2, consistent with fast reconnection. The well-structured multiple layers of electron populations indicate that the dominant electron dynamics are mostly laminar, despite the presence of turbulence near the reconnection site.
beta decay of proton-rich nuclei plays an important role in exploring isospin mixing. The beta decay of P-26 at the proton drip line is studied using double-sided silicon strip detectors operating in ...conjunction with high-purity germanium detectors. The T = 2 isobaric analog state (IAS) at 13 055 keV and two new high-lying states at 13 380 and 11 912 keV in Si-26 are unambiguously identified through beta-delayed two-proton emission (beta 2p). Angular correlations of two protons emitted from Si-26 excited states populated by P-26 beta decay are measured, which suggests that the two protons are emitted mainly sequentially. We report the first observation of a strongly isospin-mixed doublet that deexcites mainly via two-proton decay. The isospin mixing matrix element between the Si-26 IAS and the nearby 13 380-keV state is determined to be 130(21) keV, and this result represents the strongest mixing, highest excitation energy, and largest level spacing of a doublet ever observed in beta-decay experiments.
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Abstract
Spin-valley locking in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides has attracted enormous interest, since it offers potential for valleytronic and optoelectronic applications. Such an exotic ...electronic state has sparsely been seen in bulk materials. Here, we report spin-valley locking in a Dirac semimetal BaMnSb
2
. This is revealed by comprehensive studies using first principles calculations, tight-binding and effective model analyses, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements. Moreover, this material also exhibits a stacked quantum Hall effect (QHE). The spin-valley degeneracy extracted from the QHE is close to 2. This result, together with the Landau level spin splitting, further confirms the spin-valley locking picture. In the extreme quantum limit, we also observed a plateau in the
z
-axis resistance, suggestive of a two-dimensional chiral surface state present in the quantum Hall state. These findings establish BaMnSb
2
as a rare platform for exploring coupled spin and valley physics in bulk single crystals and accessing 3D interacting topological states.
The technological appeal of multiferroics is the ability to control magnetism with electric field. For devices to be useful, such control must be achieved at room temperature. The only single-phase ...multiferroic material exhibiting unambiguous magnetoelectric coupling at room temperature is BiFeO3 (refs 4 and 5). Its weak ferromagnetism arises from the canting of the antiferromagnetically aligned spins by the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) interaction. Prior theory considered the symmetry of the thermodynamic ground state and concluded that direct 180-degree switching of the DM vector by the ferroelectric polarization was forbidden. Instead, we examined the kinetics of the switching process, something not considered previously in theoretical work. Here we show a deterministic reversal of the DM vector and canted moment using an electric field at room temperature. First-principles calculations reveal that the switching kinetics favours a two-step switching process. In each step the DM vector and polarization are coupled and 180-degree deterministic switching of magnetization hence becomes possible, in agreement with experimental observation. We exploit this switching to demonstrate energy-efficient control of a spin-valve device at room temperature. The energy per unit area required is approximately an order of magnitude less than that needed for spin-transfer torque switching. Given that the DM interaction is fundamental to single-phase multiferroics and magnetoelectrics, our results suggest ways to engineer magnetoelectric switching and tailor technologically pertinent functionality for nanometre-scale, low-energy-consumption, non-volatile magnetoelectronics.
Aims
This study examined the biotransformation pathway of ginsenoside Rb1 by the fungus Esteya vermicola CNU 120806.
Methods and Results
Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rd were extracted from the root of Panax ...ginseng. Liquid fermentation and purified enzyme hydrolysis were employed to investigate the biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1. The metabolites were identified and confirmed using NMR analysis as gypenoside XVII and gypenoside LXXV. A mole yield of 95·4% gypenoside LXXV was obtained by enzymatic conversion (pH 5·0, temperature 50°C). Ginsenoside Rd was used to verify the transformation pathway under the same reaction condition. The product Compound K (mole yield 49·6%) proved a consecutive hydrolyses occurred at the C‐3 position of ginsenoside Rb1.
Conclusions
Strain CNU 120806 showed a high degree of specific β‐glucosidase activity to convert ginsenosides Rb1 and Rd to gypenoside LXXV and Compound K, respectively. The maximal activity of the purified glucosidase for ginsenosides transformation occurred at 50°C and pH 5·0. Compared with its activity against pNPG (100%), the β‐glucosidase exhibited quite lower level of activity against other aryl‐glycosides. Enzymatic hydrolysate, gypenoside LXXV and Compound K were produced by consecutive hydrolyses of the terminal and inner glucopyranosyl moieties at the C‐3 carbon of ginsenoside Rb1 and Rd, giving the pathway: ginsenoside Rb1→ gypenoside XVII → gypenoside LXXV; ginsenoside Rd→F2→Compound K, but did not hydrolyse the 20‐C, β‐(1‐6)‐glucoside of ginsenoside Rb1 and Rd.
Significance and Impact of the Study
The results showed an important practical application on the preparation of gypenoside LXXV. Additionally, this study for the first time provided a high efficient preparation method for gypenoside LXXV without further conversion, which also gives rise to a potential commercial enzyme application.
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