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•The catalytic bifunctional ORR/OER catalysts are firstly constructed.•The Co2P/CoP@NPGCs with active Co2P/CoP and Co-Nx sites adsorb ORR/OER-relevant reactants.•The N, P dual-doped ...carbon supports supply various active sites for ORR/OER.•The stable polyhedron core–shell MOFs precursor enhances the catalyst stability.•The Co2P/CoP@NPGCs shows higher ORR/OER activity than the Pt/C and RuO2.
In this study, Co2P/CoP hybrid nanoparticles (NPs) imbedded on the surface of core–shell metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) derived three-dimensional N, P co-doped graphitized carbon (Co2P/CoP@NPGC) are prepared via direct pyrolysis of P-containing MOF precursors. P dopant dosage is tailored to adjust active sites and crystalline phases of Co2P/CoP@NPGC. The active Co2P and CoP NPs and the synergistic effect from the Co-Nx/C and Co-P/C active sites and porous NPGC make the dominant contributions to the ORR/OER. For ORR, the half-wave potential of Co2P/CoP@NPGC-1 is 0.93 V, which is superior to that of Pt/C (E1/2 = 0.875 V). As for OER, Co2P/CoP@NPGC-1 displays a lower overpotential (ƞ = 340 mV) compared to RuO2 (ƞ = 380 mV, at 10 mA cm−2). The Co2P@CoOOH heterojunction guarantees intrinsic conductivity. Furthermore, doping with N and P can modify the surface electronic structure of catalyst to lower the energy of oxygen adsorption and dissociation, which are beneficial to enhance the ORR and OER activity. Additionally, its bifunctional activity parameter (ΔE) for ORR and OER is only 0.64 V, which is lower than that of Pt/C and RuO2 (0.76 V). Therefore, this work proposes a new sight into constructing a competitive core–shell MOFs derived electrocatalyst for ORR/OER.
Substantial heterogeneity exists within cervical cancer that is generally infected by human papillomavirus (HPV). However, the most common histological subtype of cervical cancer, cervical squamous ...cell carcinoma (CSCC), is poorly characterized regarding the association between its heterogeneity and HPV oncoprotein expression. We filtered out 138 CSCC samples with infection of HPV16 only as the first step; then we compressed HPV16 E6/E7 expression as HPVpca and correlated HPVpca with the immunological profiling of CSCC based on supervised clustering to discover subtypes and to characterize the differences between subgroups in terms of the HPVpca level, pathway activity, epigenetic dysregulation, somatic mutation frequencies, and likelihood of responding to chemo/immunotherapies. Supervised clustering of immune signatures revealed two HPV16 subtypes (namely, HPV16-IMM and HPV16-KRT) that correlated with HPVpca and clinical outcomes. HPV16-KRT is characterized by elevated expression of genes in keratinization, biological oxidation, and Wnt signaling, whereas HPV16-IMM has a strong immune response and mesenchymal features. HPV16-IMM exhibited much more epigenetic silencing and significant mutation at FBXW7, while MUC4 and PIK3CA were mutated frequently for HPV16-KRT. We also imputed that HPV16-IMM is much more sensitive to chemo/immunotherapy than is HPV16-KRT. Our characterization tightly links the expression of HPV16 E6/E7 with biological and clinical outcomes of CSCC, providing valuable molecular-level information that points to decoding heterogeneity. Together, these results shed light on stratifications of CSCC infected by HPV16 and shall help to guide personalized management and treatment of patients.
Objective To evaluate the performance of a convolutional neural network (CNN) model that can automatically detect and classify rib fractures, and output structured reports from computed tomography ...(CT) images. Materials and Methods This study included 1079 patients (median age, 55 years; men, 718) from three hospitals, between January 2011 and January 2019, who were divided into a monocentric training set (n = 876; median age, 55 years; men, 582), five multicenter/multiparameter validation sets (n = 173; median age, 59 years; men, 118) with different slice thicknesses and image pixels, and a normal control set (n = 30; median age, 53 years; men, 18). Three classifications (fresh, healing, and old fracture) combined with fracture location (corresponding CT layers) were detected automatically and delivered in a structured report. Precision, recall, and F1-score were selected as metrics to measure the optimum CNN model. Detection/diagnosis time, precision, and sensitivity were employed to compare the diagnostic efficiency of the structured report and that of experienced radiologists. Results A total of 25054 annotations (fresh fracture, 10089; healing fracture, 10922; old fracture, 4043) were labelled for training (18584) and validation (6470). The detection efficiency was higher for fresh fractures and healing fractures than for old fractures (F1-scores, 0.849, 0.856, 0.770, respectively, p = 0.023 for each), and the robustness of the model was good in the five multicenter/multiparameter validation sets (all mean F1-scores > 0.8 except validation set 5 512 × 512 pixels; F1-score = 0.757). The precision of the five radiologists improved from 80.3% to 91.1%, and the sensitivity increased from 62.4% to 86.3% with artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis. On average, the diagnosis time of the radiologists was reduced by 73.9 seconds. Conclusion Our CNN model for automatic rib fracture detection could assist radiologists in improving diagnostic efficiency, reducing diagnosis time and radiologists' workload.
Epiphytic bacteria on the surfaces of submerged macrophytes play important roles in the growth of the host plant, nutrient cycling, and the conversion of pollutants in aquatic systems. A knowledge of ...the epiphytic bacterial community structure could help us to understand these roles. In this study, the abundance, diversity, and functions of the epiphytic bacterial community of
Myriophyllum spicatum
collected from Baiyangdian Lake in June, August, and October 2019 were studied using quantitative PCR (qPCR), high-throughput sequencing, and the prediction of functions. An analysis using qPCR showed that the epiphytic bacteria were the most abundant in October and the least abundant in August. High-throughput sequencing revealed that Proteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and
Aeromonas
were the dominant phylum, class, and genus in all the samples. The common analyses of operational taxonomic units (OTUs), NMDS, and LDA showed that the epiphytic bacterial communities were clustered together based on the seasons. The results of a canonical correlation analysis (CCA) showed that the key water quality index that affected the changes of epiphytic bacterial community of
M. spicatum
was the total phosphorus (TP). The changes in abundance of Gammaproteobacteria negatively correlated with the TP. Predictive results from FAPROTAX showed that the predominant biogeochemical cycle functions of the epiphytic bacterial community were chemoheterotrophy, nitrate reduction, and fermentation. These results suggest that the epiphytic bacterial community of
M. spicatum
from Baiyangdian Lake varies substantially with the seasons and environmental conditions.
Objective
To develop a convolutional neural network (CNN) model for the automatic detection and classification of rib fractures in actual clinical practice based on cross-modal data (clinical ...information and CT images).
Materials
In this retrospective study, CT images and clinical information (age, sex and medical history) from 1020 participants were collected and divided into a single-centre training set (
n
= 760; age: 55.8 ± 13.4 years; men: 500), a single-centre testing set (
n
= 134; age: 53.1 ± 14.3 years; men: 90), and two independent multicentre testing sets from two different hospitals (
n
= 62, age: 57.97 ± 11.88, men: 41;
n
= 64, age: 57.40 ± 13.36, men: 35). A Faster Region–based CNN (Faster R-CNN) model was applied to integrate CT images and clinical information. Then, a result merging technique was used to convert 2D inferences into 3D lesion results. The diagnostic performance was assessed on the basis of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, free-response ROC (fROC) curve, precision, recall (sensitivity), F1-score, and diagnosis time. The classification performance was evaluated in terms of the area under the ROC curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity.
Results
The CNN model showed improved performance on fresh, healing, and old fractures and yielded good classification performance for all three categories when both clinical information and CT images were used compared to the use of CT images alone. Compared with experienced radiologists, the CNN model achieved higher sensitivity (mean sensitivity: 0.95 > 0.77, 0.89 > 0.61 and 0.80 > 0.55), comparable precision (mean precision: 0.91 > 0.87, 0.84 > 0.77, and 0.95 > 0.70), and a shorter diagnosis time (average reduction of 126.15 s).
Conclusions
A CNN model combining CT images and clinical information can automatically detect and classify rib fractures with good performance and feasibility in actual clinical practice.
Key Points
•
The developed convolutional neural network (CNN) performed better in fresh, healing, and old fractures and yielded a good classification performance in three categories, if both (clinical information and CT images) were used compared to CT images alone.
•
The CNN model had a higher sensitivity and matched precision in three categories than experienced radiologists with a shorter diagnosis time in actual clinical practice.
Modern lifestyles result in people spending 90% of their time indoors, where windows serve as a unique component providing an outdoor view and enabling visual experiences. Chromogenic windows, which ...adjust both thermal and visual conditions, represent a promising fenestration system for achieving energy savings. However, the tinting properties and their effects on human responses to filtered window views have not been thoroughly explored. This study conducted an experimental test using a customised questionnaire to investigate eight distinct window conditions in a hotel building. Forty-five participants took part in this evaluation by observing photographs. The conclusions drawn are as follows: (1) All tinted windows were found to be less acceptable than clear windows; however, the bronze window was relatively preferred. (2) In terms of visual capacity, the red window had the most negative effect, followed by the blue window. (3) Considering the window views, the tinted windows significantly disturbed the view outside. These results have the potential to guide the development of chromogenic windows in practical applications in the future, particularly from the perspective of colour selection.
This paper addresses logarithmic vector quantizers with dynamic sensitivity design for stochastic continuous time linear system with a feedback control law. Logarithmic vector quantization is adopted ...so that the coarsest density of quantization and data compression efficiency are both guaranteed. In addition, the problem of quantizer saturation is treated with the mechanism of dynamic sensitivity. The dynamic of the sensitivity during "zoom-in" / "zoom-out" stages is proposed. It is shown that with the proposed algorithm, a single input continuous time linear system can be stabilized in the sense of mean square by quantized feedback control via adopting sensitivity varying algorithm. Results from theoretical analysis are verified through simulation at the end of the paper.
Difficult tracheal intubation is a common problem encountered by anesthesiologists in the clinic. This study was conducted to assess the difficulty of tracheal intubation in infants with Pierre Robin ...syndrome (PRS) by incorporating computed tomography (CT) to guide airway management for anesthesia.
In this retrospective study, we analyzed case-level clinical data and CT images of 96 infants with PRS. First, a clinically experienced physician labeled CT images, after which the color space conversion, binarization, contour acquisition, and area calculation processing were performed on the annotated files. Finally, the correlation coefficient between the seven clinical factors and tracheal intubation difficulty, as well as the differences in each risk factor under tracheal intubation difficulty were calculated.
The absolute value of the correlation coefficient between the throat area and tracheal intubation difficulty was 0.54; the observed difference was statistically significant. Body surface area, weight, and gender also showed significant difference under tracheal intubation difficulty.
There is a significant correlation between throat area and tracheal intubation difficulty in infants with PRS. Body surface area, weight and gender may have an impact on tracheal intubation difficulty in infants with PRS.
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are increasingly used as flame retardants and plasticizers in various products. Most of them are physically mixed rather than chemical bonded to the polymeric products, ...leading to OPEs being readily released into the surrounding environment. Due to their relatively high solubility and mobility, OPEs are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment and may pose potential hazards to human health and aquatic organisms. This review systematically summarized the fate and distribution of OPEs in the aquatic environment and the potential effects of OPEs on humans. Data analysis shows that the concentrations of OPEs vary widely in various types of aquatic environments, including surface water (range: 25–3671 ng/L), drinking water (4–719 ng/L), and wastewater (104–29,800 ng/L). The results of human exposure assessments via aquatic products and drinking water ingestion indicate that all OPEs pose low, but not negligible, risks to human health. In addition, the limitations of previous studies are summarized, and the outlook is provided. This review provides valuable information on the occurrence and distribution of OPEs in the aquatic environment.
To develop a convolutional neural network (CNN) model for the detection, precise anatomical localization (right 1-12th and left 1-12th) and classification (fresh, healing and old fractures) of rib ...fractures automatically, and to compare the performance with the experienced radiologists.
A total of 640 rib fracture patients with 340,501 annotations were retrospectively collected from three hospitals. They consisted of a classification training dataset (n = 482), a localization training dataset (n = 30), an internal testing dataset (n = 90) and an external testing dataset (n = 38). RetinaNet with rib localization postprocessing and the result merging technique were employed to structure the CNN model. ROC curve, free-response ROC curve, AUC, precision, recall, and F1-score were calculated to choose the better option between model I (training classification and localization data together) and model II (adding an additional classification model to model I).
The detection and classification performance of rib fractures was better in model II than in model I. The sensitivity of localization reached 97.11% and 94.87% on the right and left ribs, respectively. In the external dataset with different CT scanner and slice thickness, model II showed better diagnostic performance. Moreover, the CNN model was superior in diagnosing fresh and healing fractures to 5 radiologists and consumed shorter diagnosis time.
Our CNN model was capable of detection, precise anatomical localization, and classification of rib fractures automatically.
•A novel CNN model can automatically detect and output the precise anatomical localization and classification of rib fractures.•The sensitivity of localization reached 94.87% and 97.11% in the right and left ribs, respectively.•The CNN model had a certain robustness verified by the external test, and it matched or surpassed the detection and classification performance of experienced radiologists.
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