Anaerobic digestion technology is the most environmentally friendly approach to treat kitchen waste. Volatile fatty acid (VFA) is an essential quality monitoring indicator in the anaerobic digestion ...process of treating kitchen waste. In this paper, a soft measurement method of volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration in the anaerobic digestion process is established based on stacked supervised auto-encoder combine kernel extreme learning machine algorithm (SSAE-KELM) to improve the real-time monitoring level and resource conversion efficiency of the anaerobic digestion process. Given the problems of poor feature extraction and low accuracy and efficiency of the model, a stack supervised autoencoder is proposed to realize nonlinear and deep feature extraction of process data. Simultaneously, using the idea of the extreme learning machine to train the network significantly improves the efficiency of the model. Then, the kernel extreme learning machine is used to realize regression modelling. Besides, a combined feature selection algorithm is presented to select auxiliary variables more accurately. The simulation results demonstrate that the soft sensor model can predict the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) more efficiently and accurately.
Nerium indicum Mill. is an ornamental plant that is found in parks, riversides, lakesides, and scenic areas in China and other parts of the world. Our recent survey indicated the prevalence of ...witches' broom disease (WBD) in Guangdong, China. To find out the possible defense strategies against WBD, we performed a MiSeq based ITS sequencing to identify the possible casual organism, then did a de novo transcriptome sequencing and metabolome profiling in the phloem and stem tip of N. indicum plants suffering from WBD compared to healthy ones.
The survey showed that Wengyuen county and Zengcheng district had the highest disease incidence rates. The most prevalent microbial species in the diseased tissues was Cophinforma mamane. The transcriptome sequencing resulted in the identification of 191,224 unigenes of which 142,396 could be annotated. There were 19,031 and 13,284 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between diseased phloem (NOWP) and healthy phloem (NOHP), and diseased stem (NOWS) and healthy stem (NOHS), respectively. The DEGs were enriched in MAPK-signaling (plant), plant-pathogen interaction, plant-hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, linoleic acid and α-linoleic acid metabolism pathways. Particularly, we found that N. indicum plants activated the phytohormone signaling, MAPK-signaling cascade, defense related proteins, and the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids and flavonoids as defense responses to the pathogenic infection. The metabolome profiling identified 586 metabolites of which 386 and 324 metabolites were differentially accumulated in NOHP vs NOWP and NOHS and NOWS, respectively. The differential accumulation of metabolites related to phytohormone signaling, linoleic acid metabolism, phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, and citrate cycle was observed, indicating the role of these pathways in defense responses against the pathogenic infection.
Our results showed that Guangdong province has a high incidence of WBD in most of the surveyed areas. C. mamane is suspected to be the causing pathogen of WBD in N. indicum. N. indicum initiated the MAPK-signaling cascade and phytohormone signaling, leading to the activation of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and hypersensitive response. Furthermore, N. indicum accumulated high concentrations of phenolic acids, coumarins and lignans, and flavonoids under WBD. These results provide scientific tools for the formulation of control strategies of WBD in N. indicum.
Rhizobia induce root nodules and fix atmospheric N
for most legume species in exchange for carbon. However, the diverse endophytic non-rhizobial bacteria in legume nodules that co-exist with rhizobia ...are often ignored because they are difficult to cultivate using routine cultivation approaches. To enhance our understanding of the incidence and diversity of legume-bacteria associations, a high-throughput sequencing analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA genes was used to examine the bacterial community in the rhizospheres and root nodules of
seedlings that were uninoculated or inoculated with
H255,
like HT221, or
like H022238, in two growth media (nitrogen N-supplied soil or N-omitted potting mix). Seedlings inoculated with
had significantly more nodules than seedlings in the other inoculation conditions, regardless of growth media. Using the
N natural abundance method, it was shown that the inoculated plants had significantly higher N
fixation efficiency (48-57%) and specific nodule activity 269-313 μg N mg
of dry weight (dwt) nodule compared to the uninoculated plants (203 μg N mg
dwt nodule). The 16S rRNA gene analysis showed that there was generally a higher bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere than in the nodules in the corresponding condition. Both rhizobial inoculation and media status significantly altered the bacterial communities in the rhizospheres and nodules (
< 0.05), with the exception of the inoculated soil rhizospheres. Regarding non-rhizobial bacteria, three genera, i.e.,
, and
, were consistently enriched in the rhizosphere and
norank (which belongs to
), and
were commonly found in the nodules. In contrast, common rhizobial genera (including
, and
) were only present in the nodules at low relative abundances (0.01-3.41%). Regarding non-rhizobial bacteria, 32 genera were found in the nodules, with non-rhizobial bacteria being predominant in the N omitted potting mix (with a relative abundance of 56-87%). This study suggests that legume nodules are inhabited by a high diversity of non-rhizobial bacteria, which may play a vital role in nodulation and N
fixation in the host plants.
THE GREAT 2008 CHINESE ICE STORM Zhou, Benzhi; Gu, Lianhong; Ding, Yihui ...
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,
01/2011, Volume:
92, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Extreme events often expose vulnerabilities of socioeconomic infrastructures and point to directions of much-needed policy change. Integrated impact assessment of such events can lead to finding of ...sustainability principles. Southern and central China has for decades been undergoing a breakneck pace of socioeconomic development. In early 2008, a massive ice storm struck this region, immobilizing millions of people. The storm was a consequence of sustained convergence between tropical maritime and continental polar air masses, caused by an anomalously stable atmospheric general circulation pattern in both low and high latitudes. Successive waves of freezing rain occurred during a month period, coating southern and central China with a layer of ice 50–160 mm in thickness. We conducted an integrated impact assessment of this event to determine whether and how the context of socioeconomic and human-disturbed natural systems may affect the transition of natural events into human disasters. We found that 1) without contingency plans, advanced technologies dependent on interrelated energy supplies can create worse problems during extreme events, 2) the weakest link in disaster response lies between science and decision making, 3) biodiversity is a form of long-term insurance for sustainable forestry against extreme events, 4) sustainable extraction of nontimber goods and services is essential to risk planning for extreme events in forest resources use, 5) extreme events can cause food shortage directly by destroying crops and indirectly by disrupting food distribution channels, 6) concentrated economic development increases societal vulnerability to extreme events, and 7) formalized institutional mechanisms are needed to ensure that unexpected opportunities to learn lessons from weather disasters are not lost in distracting circumstances.
Flowering is an essential part of the productive process, and flowering time is determined by endogenous genetic components and many ambient factors. SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP), a MADS-box ...transcription factor, regulates floral transition by repressing floral integrator genes and is involved in ABA-mediated drought stress. In this study, we transformed the poplar (Populus) clone “84K” with the SVP-Like gene, while stable overexpression transgenic lines were obtained. Transcriptome analysis of the leaves of the transgenic lines and WT (Wide Type) poplars revealed that a total of 477 genes showed significantly altered expression, overexpressing SVL genes, including 342 upregulated and 135 downregulated genes. Ten subclusters in DEGs were analyzed, and KEGG terms of the largest subcluster were associated with two key pathways: hormone-related genes and glutathione metabolism. Meanwhile, many transcriptional factors were involved. Our results are helpful for in-depth analysis of the MADS transcriptional factor in poplars. This work provides the basis for studying woody plant growth, and development and molecular mechanisms responded to environmental stresses.
is a wild edible ectomycorrhizal fungus with important economic and ecological value, which often forms an ectomycorrhiza with pine trees. We know little about the mechanisms associated with the ...metabolism and symbiosis of
and its effects on the nutritional value. In this study, the whole-genome sequencing of
was performed using Illumina, HiFi, and Hi-C technologies, and the sequencing data were subjected to genome assembly, gene prediction, and functional annotation to obtain a high-quality chromosome-level genome of
. The final assembly of the
genome includes 12 chromosomes, with a total length of 43.03 Mb, a GC content of 46.58%, and a contig N50 size of 3.78 Mb. A total of 11,199 coding protein sequences were predicted from genome annotation. The
genome contains a large number of small secreted proteins (SSPs) and genes that encode enzymes related to carbohydrates, as well as genes related to terpenoids, auxin, and lipochitooligosaccharides. These genes may contribute to symbiotic processes. The whole-genome sequencing and genetic information provide a theoretical basis for a deeper understanding of the mechanism of the mycorrhizal symbiosis of
and can serve as a reference for comparative genomics of ectomycorrhizal fungi.
Balanophora polyandra Griff. is a holoparasitic medicinal plant that produces compounds with antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Plant endophytic fungi are an abundant reservoir of bioactive ...metabolites for medicinal exploitation, and an increasing number of novel bioactive compounds are being isolated from endophytic fungi. The present study investigated the diversity of culturable endophytic fungi from the roots of holoparasite B. polyandra to explore active strains and metabolites. In addition, the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of 22 strains cultured from B. polyandra were also evaluated. The endophytic fungi were identified according to their colony morphology and ITS-5.8S rDNA sequencing. TLC-MTT-Bioautography assays and DPPH radical scavenging assays were employed to assess the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of ethyl acetate extracts of the endophytic fungi. One hundred and twenty-five endophytic strains were isolated from the roots of B. polyandra, including 70 from female samples and 55 from male samples. Of them, twenty-two distinct isolates representing 15 genera and 22 species based on their ITS-rDNA genomic sequence were successfully identified from female and male samples of B. polyandra. The genus Calonectria was the most prevalent genus, with a CF% of 18.3, followed by the genera Clonostachys and Botryosphaeria, with CF% values of 13.4 and 10.0, respectively. Interestingly, the fungal extracts exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activities against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as potential antioxidant activities with IC.sub.50 values ranging from 0.45 to 6.90 mg/mL. Among them, endophytes Bpf-10 (Diaporthe sp.) and Bpf-11 (Botryosphaeria sp.) showed the strongest biological activities and more abundant secondary metabolites. This study reported the diversity of endophytic fungi from the roots of B. polyandra and the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the crude extracts for the first time. The results revealed that B. polyandra contains diverse culturable endophytic fungi that potentially produce natural antibacterial and antioxidant compounds with great value to the agriculture and pharmaceutical industries.
AREB/ABF/ABI5 (ABA-responsive element-binding protein/ABRE binding factors and ABA INSENSITIVE 5) transcription factors are involved in regulating the expression of ABA (abscisic acid)-related genes ...and improving plant adaptability to environmental stress. To explore the influence of AREB/ABF transcription factors on santalol synthesis, we conducted a genome-wide analysis of the AREB gene family in sandalwood, identified 10 SaAREB genes, and divided them into five subfamilies. We found that all SaAREB genes encoded unstable hydrophilic proteins and the subcellular localization prediction of SaAREBs was that they are located in the nucleus. AREB/ABF genes belong to the bZIP-A subfamily and we found that the 10 AREB proteins all contained bZIP (basic region leucine zipper) and four potential phosphorylation sites (RXXS/T). According to the collinearity analysis results, four of the SaAREB genes were involved in two fragment duplication events. Through qRT-PCR (real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR), we explored the expression profile of SaAREB in different tissues; the effects of ABA treatment and drought treatment on AREB transcription factors were predicted. From the expression of different tissues, we found that SaAREB1 not only responded to prolonged drought but also was highly expressed in stems. Moreover, SaAREB3, SaAREB7, and SaAREB8 specifically respond to ABA treatment. Based on RNA-seq (RNA sequencing) data, we found that SaAREB6 and SaAREB8 were highly expressed in the sapwood and transition regions. Regarding SaCYP736A167, as a key gene in santalol synthesis, its promoter contains the most ABRE cis-reactive elements. These results provide a basis for further analysis of the role of the Santalum album L. (S. album) ABRE/ABF/ABI5 genes in the formation of santalols.
•Increasing the height and decreasing the space of the micro-rod may result in Cassie wetting state.•Decreasing the height and increasing the space of the micro-rod may result in Wenzel wetting ...state.•A suspended wetting state model due to wall scallops was proposed.•The wetting state transition was interpreted by intruding height, de-pinning and sag mechanism.
Understanding the effect of micro-structure geometry on wetting state transition is important to design and control surface wettability. Micro-rod model was proposed and the relationship between micro-rod geometry and wetting state was investigated in the paper taking into account only the surface roughness and neglecting the chemistry interaction. Micro-rods with different geometric parameters were fabricated using micro-fabrication technology. Their contact angles were measured and compared with theoretical ones. The experimental results indicated that increasing the height and decreasing the space of micro-rod may result in Cassie wetting state, while decreasing the height and increasing the space may result in Wenzel wetting state. A suspended wetting state model due to scallops was proposed. The wetting state transition was interpreted by intruding height, de-pinning and sag mechanism. It may offer a facile way to control the surface wetting state transition by changing the geometry of micro-rod.
Auxin response factors (ARFs) are essential transcription factors in plants that play an irreplaceable role in controlling the expression of auxin response genes and participating in plant growth and ...stress. The ARF gene family has been found in Arabidopsis thaliana, apple (Malus domestica), poplar (Populus trichocarpa) and other plants with known whole genomes. However, S. album (Santalum album L.), has not been studied. In this study, we analyzed and screened the whole genome of S. album and obtained 18 S. album ARFs (SaARFs), which were distributed on eight chromosomes. Through the prediction of conserved domains, we found that 13 of the 18 SaARFs had three intact conserved domains, named DBD, MR, Phox and Bem1 (PB1), while the extra five SaARFs (SaARF3, SaARF10, SaARF12, SaARF15, SaARF17) had only two conserved domains, and the C-terminal PB1 domain was missing. By establishing a phylogenetic tree, 62 ARF genes in S. album, poplar and Arabidopsis were divided into four subgroups, named Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ. According to the results of collinearity analysis, we found that ten of the eighteen ARF genes were involved in five segmental duplication events and these genes had short distance intervals and high homology in the SaARF gene family. Finally, tissue-specific and drought-treatment expression of SaARF genes was observed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and six genes were significantly overexpressed in haustorium. Meanwhile we found SaARF5, SaARF10, and SaARF16 were significantly overexpressed under drought stress. These results provide a basis for further analysis of the related functions of the S. album ARF gene and its relationship with haustorium formation.
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