Bainong sterility (BNS) is a thermo‐sensitive genic male sterile wheat line, characterised by anther fertility transformation in response to low temperature (LT) stress during meiosis, the failure of ...vacuole decomposition and the absence of starch accumulation in sterile bicellular pollen. Our study demonstrates that the late microspore (LM) stage marks the transition from the anther growth to anther maturation phase, characterised by the changes in anther structure, carbohydrate metabolism and the main transport pathway of sucrose (Suc). Fructan is a main storage polysaccharide in wheat anther, and its synthesis and remobilisation are crucial for anther development. Moreover, the process of pollen amylogenesis and the fate of the large vacuole in pollen are closely intertwined with fructan synthesis and remobilisation. LT disrupts the normal physiological metabolism of BNS anthers during meiosis, particularly affecting carbohydrate metabolism, thus determining the fate of male gametophytes and pollen abortion. Disruption of fructan synthesis and remobilisation regulation serves as a decisive event that results in anther abortion. Sterile pollen exhibits common traits of pollen starvation and impaired starch accumulation due to the inhibition of apoplastic transport starting from the LM stage, which is regulated by cell wall invertase TaIVR1 and Suc transporter TaSUT1.
Summary statement
The manuscript provides new insight into the role of carbohydrate metabolism in regulating anther development and the molecular mechanisms underlying pollen abortion in a thermo‐sensitive genic male sterile winter wheat line under low temperature during meiosis.
Background and aims
Autotoxicity is a serious problem for continuous cropping of cucumber, it can limit its own growth and that of nearby cucumber plants and decrease yield and quality. Cinnamic acid ...(CA) derivatives are a class of autotoxins that can mimic autotoxic effects in cucumber.
Methods
We screened an Arabidopsis long hairpin RNA (lhRNA) library under CA-mimicked autotoxicity stress to obtain autotoxicity-resistant mutant lines. The
glycerol-3-phosphate 2-O-acyltransferase 6
(
GPAT6
) gene was found to be silenced in one resistant mutant line, and
GPAT6
homologous gene in cucumber was cloned and named
CuGPAT6.
To test gene function quickly, a new tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system was established in cucumber using a special agroinfiltration solution and whole cotyledonary nodes.
Results
Cucumber phytoene desaturase
gene (
CuPDS
) and
CuGPAT6
gene were successfully silenced with a newly established tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system in cucumber showing photobleaching and decreased
CuPDS
expression in leaves; and silencing of
CuGPAT6
enhanced the tolerance to the autotoxin stress mimicked by CA in cucumber.
Conclusions
It indicated that the alleviation of the damage caused by CA treatment was probably through maintaining the integrity of cellular structure, supporting cell vitality and promoting growth in roots, and increasing the integrate chloroplast and thylakoid numbers in leaves, which restored the growth and net photosynthesis rate of CA treated
CuGPAT6
silenced plants to the similar level to those of control plants. The results also demonstrated that the newly established TRV mediated VIGS system is functional, rapid, convenient and highly efficient in cucumber.
Ginkgo tea and ginkgo wine are two familiar Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GBE) drinks in the form of dietary supplements (DS) used for healthcare in east Asia. Nevertheless, a comprehensive evaluation ...of their safety and efficacy is still lacking. In this study, GBE drinks were prepared from naturally newly senescent yellow leaves (YL) and green leaves (GL) in autumn. Their total flavonoids, antioxidant capacity and prescribed ingredients were investigated. In brief, the proportions of total flavonoids, total flavonol glycosides (TFs), total terpene trilactones (TTLs) and ginkgolic acids in the GBE drinks all did not meet the standards of worldwide pharmacopoeias. Specifically, the levels of TFs in the ginkgo tea prepared from YL were significantly higher than that prepared from GL. Further analyses revealed a substandard ratio of isorhamnetin/quercetin and an accumulation of leaf-age-related compounds, which were both unqualified. The proportions of specific TTLs varied between the ginkgo tea and ginkgo wine, although no significant differences were detected in terms of the total levels of TTLs. Noticeably, numerous biflavones and thousands of times over the limiting concentration of ginkgolic acids, including newly identified types, were only detected in ginkgo wine. Finally, the use of the GBE drinks as DSs was comprehensively evaluated according to the acceptable daily intake. This study showed the limited healthcare effects of GBE drinks despite their powerful antioxidant capacity.
Rigor mortis occurs in a relatively early postmortem period and is a complex biochemical process in the conversion of muscle to meat. Understanding the quality changes and biomarkers during rigor ...mortis can provide a theoretical basis for maintaining and improving meat quality. Herein, a tandem mass tag proteomic method is used to investigate the effects of differentially expressed proteins on the meat quality of cattle
muscle postmortem (0, 6, and 24 h). The pH, total sulfhydryl content and sarcomere length decrease significantly during storage. In contrast, meat color values (L*, a*, and b*) and the myofibril fragmentation index increase significantly. Altogether, 147 differentially expressed proteins are identified, most being categorized as metabolic enzymes, mitochondrial proteins, necroptosis and ferroptosis proteins and structural proteins. The results also reveal additional proteins that are potentially involved in rigor mortis, such as cardiac phospholamban, acetyl-coenzyme A acyltransferase, and ankyrin repeat domain 2. The current results provide proteomic insights into the changes in meat quality during rigor mortis.
Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (
) plays a pivotal role in cellular one-carbon, photorespiration pathways and it influences the resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the function of ...SHMT proteins in wheat remains largely unexplored. In the present study,
genes in five
species,
, and four dicotyledon species were identified based on whole genome information. The origin history of the target gene was traced by micro-collinearity analysis. Gene expression patterns of
in different tissues, various biotic stresses, exogenous hormones, and two biotic stresses were determined by Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The function of the selected
was studied by barley stripe mosaic virus-induced gene silencing in common wheat Bainong207. A total of 64
members were identified and further classified into two main classes based on the structure of SHMT proteins. The gene structure and motif composition analyses revealed that
kept relatively conserved within the same subclasses. Interestingly, there was a gene,
, on chromosome 7B of
, but there was no
gene on chromosome 7 of other analyzed
species;
had fewer exons and conserved motifs than the genes in the same subclass, suggesting that the gene of
has a notable evolutionary progress. The micro-collinearity relationship showed that no homologs of
and its two neighboring genes were found in the collinearity region of
, and there were 27 genes inserted into the collinearity region of
.
. Furthermore, qRT-PCR results showed that
was responsive to abiotic stresses (NaCl and cold), abscisic acid, methyl jasmonate, and hydrogen peroxide. Significantly, upon
infection, the expression of
was highly upregulated in resistant cultivar Sumai3. More importantly, silencing of
compromises Fusarium head blight resistance in common wheat Bainong207. Our new findings suggest that the
gene in wheat plays an important role in resistance to Fusarium head blight. This provides a valuable reference for further study on the function of this gene family.
The ankyrin-transmembrane (ANKTM) subfamily is the most abundant subgroup of the ANK superfamily, with critical roles in pathogen defense. However, the function of ANKTM proteins in wheat immunity ...remains largely unexplored. Here, a total of 381
ANKTMs
were identified from five
Triticeae
species and
Arabidopsis
, constituting five classes. Among them, class a only contains proteins from Triticeae species and the number of ANKTM in class a of wheat is significantly larger than expected, even after consideration of the ploidy level. Tandem duplication analysis of
ANKTM
indicates that
Triticum urartu
,
Triticum dicoccoides
and wheat all had experienced tandem duplication events which in wheat-produced
ANKTM
genes all clustered in class a. The above suggests that not only did the genome polyploidization result in the increase of
ANKTM
gene number, but that tandem duplication is also a mechanism for the expansion of this subfamily. Micro-collinearity analysis of Triticeae
ANKTMs
indicates that some
ANKTM
type genes evolved into other types of
ANKs
in the evolution process. Public RNA-seq data showed that most of the genes in class d and class e are expressed, and some of them show differential responses to biotic stresses. Furthermore, qRT-PCR results showed that some
ANKTMs
in class d and class e responded to powdery mildew. Silencing of
TaANKTM2A-5
by barley stripe mosaic virus-induced gene silencing compromised powdery mildew resistance in common wheat Bainongaikang58. Findings in this study not only help to understand the evolutionary process of
ANKTM
genes, but also form the basis for exploring disease resistance genes in the
ANKTM
gene family.
Leaves are the key organs of plants that produce photosynthates. Leaf senescence aids nutrient remobilization from source to sink tissues, which dramatically affects crop quality and yield. Although ...several senescence-associated genes (SAGs) have been recognized in cotton, the function of lipoic acid synthase in leaf senescence remains unclear. Therefore, we isolated a lipoic acid synthase gene named
GhLIP1
from cotton (
Gossypium hirsutum
L.). Protein domain analysis revealed that GhLIP1 had a LIAS-N domain and an Elp3 domain, and yeast mutant complementation experiments demonstrated that GhLIP1 was a lipoic acid synthase.
GhLIP1
expression pattern analysis showed that
GhLIP1
was vastly expressed in fibres, and the phytohormone IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) induced its transcription. When
GhLIP1
was transformed into
Arabidopsis
, the leaves of overexpression
Arabidopsis
exhibited a late leaf senescence phenotype compared to wild-type
Arabidopsis
, Col-0. Moreover, downregulation of
GhLIP1
expression using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology resulted in early leaf senescence in cotton. qRT-PCR analyses revealed that two SAGs,
GhWRKY53
and
GhNAP
, were upregulated in cotton plants with
GhLIP1
knock-down. Cell ultrastructure observations found that chloroplasts were degraded in an orderly manner in cotton leaf cells with
GhLIP1
knock-down. These results suggest that
GhLIP1
plays a significant role in leaf senescence in cotton.
•PM suffered from higher levels of ROS earlier than LT.•The mitochondria swelled and ruptured preferentially in PM compared to LT.•Faster metabolism of ATP-related compounds appeared in PM compared ...to LT.•The caspase-9 activation was earlier than caspase-3 activation in both muscle types.•MFI may be related to energy metabolism and caspases activities involved in mitochondria.
The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in the effects of mitochondria-involved energy metabolism and caspases activation on postmortem tenderness in different muscle fiber types. Beef Longissimus thoracis (LT) and Psoas major (PM) muscles showed significant difference in mitochondrial function. Our data revealed that PM suffered from higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) earlier than LT, causing faster mitochondrial swelling and rupture. Additionally, faster metabolism of ATP-related compounds and activation of caspase-9 appeared in PM, but the activity of caspase-3 in PM was lower than that in LT. Differences in myofibril fragmentation index (MFI) of LT and PM at different aging stages suggested that energy metabolism and caspases activities may play a role in tenderness at different aging stages. These results indicated that oxidative stress-mitochondria-mediated tenderization process could be muscle-specific.
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