The transcytosis of antigens across the gut epithelium by microfold cells (M cells) is important for the induction of efficient immune responses to some mucosal antigens in Peyer's patches. Recently, ...substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the factors that influence the development and function of M cells. This review highlights these important advances, with particular emphasis on: the host genes which control the functional maturation of M cells; how this knowledge has led to the rapid advance in our understanding of M-cell biology in the steady state and during aging; molecules expressed on M cells which appear to be used as "immunosurveillance" receptors to sample pathogenic microorganisms in the gut; how certain pathogens appear to exploit M cells to infect the host; and finally how this knowledge has been used to specifically target antigens to M cells to attempt to improve the efficacy of mucosal vaccines.
Vascular and angiogenic processes provide an important target for novel cancer therapeutics. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging is being used increasingly to noninvasively monitor ...the action of these therapeutics in early-stage clinical trials. This publication reports the outcome of a workshop that considered the methodology and design of magnetic resonance studies, recommending how this new tool might best be used.
Genetic and anatomical evidence suggests that Homo sapiens arose in Africa between 200 and 100 thousand years (kyr) ago, and recent evidence indicates symbolic behaviour may have appeared ...approximately 135-75 kyr ago. From 195-130 kyr ago, the world was in a fluctuating but predominantly glacial stage (marine isotope stage MIS6); much of Africa was cooler and drier, and dated archaeological sites are rare. Here we show that by approximately 164 kyr ago (+/-12 kyr) at Pinnacle Point (on the south coast of South Africa) humans expanded their diet to include marine resources, perhaps as a response to these harsh environmental conditions. The earliest previous evidence for human use of marine resources and coastal habitats was dated to approximately 125 kyr ago. Coincident with this diet and habitat expansion is an early use and modification of pigment, probably for symbolic behaviour, as well as the production of bladelet stone tool technology, previously dated to post-70 kyr ago. Shellfish may have been crucial to the survival of these early humans as they expanded their home ranges to include coastlines and followed the shifting position of the coast when sea level fluctuated over the length of MIS6.
Secretory IgA (SIgA) directed against gut resident bacteria enables the mammalian mucosal immune system to establish homeostasis with the commensal gut microbiota after weaning. Germinal centers ...(GCs) in Peyer's patches (PPs) are the principal inductive sites where naive B cells specific for bacterial antigens encounter their cognate antigens and receive T-cell help driving their differentiation into IgA-producing plasma cells. We investigated the role of antigen sampling by intestinal M cells in initiating the SIgA response to gut bacteria by developing mice in which receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent M-cell differentiation was abrogated by conditional deletion of Tnfrsf11a in the intestinal epithelium. Mice without intestinal M cells had profound delays in PP GC maturation and emergence of lamina propria IgA plasma cells, resulting in diminished levels of fecal SIgA that persisted into adulthood. We conclude that M-cell-mediated sampling of commensal bacteria is a required initial step for the efficient induction of intestinal SIgA.
The sweet potato is one of the world’s most widely consumed crops, yet its evolutionary history is poorly understood. In this paper, we present a comprehensive phylogenetic study of all species ...closely related to the sweet potato and address several questions pertaining to the sweet potato that remained unanswered. Our research combined genome skimming and target DNA capture to sequence whole chloroplasts and 605 single-copy nuclear regions from 199 specimens representing the sweet potato and all of its crop wild relatives (CWRs). We present strongly supported nuclear and chloroplast phylogenies demonstrating that the sweet potato had an autopolyploid origin and that Ipomoea trifida is its closest relative, confirming that no other extant species were involved in its origin. Phylogenetic analysis of nuclear and chloroplast genomes shows conflicting topologies regarding the monophyly of the sweet potato. The process of chloroplast capture explains these conflicting patterns, showing that I. trifida had a dual role in the origin of the sweet potato, first as its progenitor and second as the species with which the sweet potato introgressed so one of its lineages could capture an I. trifida chloroplast. In addition, we provide evidence that the sweet potato was present in Polynesia in pre-human times. This, together with several other examples of long-distance dispersal in Ipomoea, negates the need to invoke ancient human-mediated transport as an explanation for its presence in Polynesia. These results have important implications for understanding the origin and evolution of a major global food crop and question the existence of pre-Columbian contacts between Polynesia and the American continent.
•The sweet potato had a single origin (monophyletic) by autopolyploidy•Ipomoea trifida is most probably the progenitor of the sweet potato•Ipomoea trifida had a dual role in the origin of the sweet potato•The sweet potato arrived in Polynesia by long-distance dispersal in pre-human times
Muñoz-Rodríguez et al. clarify several questions on the origin and evolution of the sweet potato that remained unanswered. They demonstrate that the sweet potato had a single origin by autopolyploidy and reveal a dual role of its progenitor. They also show that the sweet potato most likely arrived in Polynesia by long-distance dispersal in pre-human times.
The hydrogenation disproportionation desorption recombination (HDDR) process has been investigated as a possible means of producing bonded magnets from used NdFeB-type sintered magnets with ...compositions, Nd13.4Dy0.8Al0.7Nb0.3Fe78.5B6.3 and Nd12.5Dy1.8Al0.9Nb0.6Co5.0Fe72.8B6.4 (atomic%). It has been shown that by increasing the processing temperature, an increase in the equilibrium pressure for disproportionation and in the overall reaction time was observed. The magnetic properties of the lower Dy content magnet were affected significantly by the change in processing temperature with a peak in properties observed at 880°C producing magnetic powder with a remanence of 1.08 (±0.02)T, a coercivity of 840 (±17)kAm−1, and a maximum energy product of 175 (±2.5)kJm−3. Further work on magnets with a significantly higher Dy content has shown that simultaneous processing of sintered magnets with varying compositions can be achieved by increasing the hydrogen pressure, however a range of magnetic properties are produced depending on the initial compositions of the samples in the input feed.
•Reduced oxidation during the HDDR processing in this work compared to the previous paper resulted in a powder with a higher coercivity.•Increasing the hydrogen pressure for disproportionation allowed for Dy, Co rich NdFeB compositions to be processed.•Mixed compositions (which will be typical from “real scrap”) can be processed simultaneously in the same equipment.•Mixed feeds produced lower magnetic properties due to overprocessing of the low Dy content compositions.
Quantifying the contributions of distinct mineral populations in bulk magnetic experiments greatly enhances the analysis of environmental and rock magnetism studies. Here, we develop a new method of ...parametric unmixing of susceptibility components in hysteresis loops. Our approach is based on a modified Gamma‐Cauchy exponential model that accounts for variable skewness and kurtosis. The robustness of the model is tested with synthetic curves that examine the effects of noise, sampling, and proximity (similar coercivities) of susceptibility components. We provide a Python‐based script, the Hist‐unmix, which allows the user to adjust a forward model of up to three ferromagnetic components as well as a dia/paramagnetic contribution. Optimization of all the parameters is achieved through least squares fitting (Levenberg‐Marquardt method), with uncertainties of each inverted parameter calculated through a Monte Carlo error propagation approach. For each ferromagnetic component, it is possible to estimate the saturation magnetization (Ms), saturation remanent magnetization (Mrs) and the mean coercivity (Bc ${B}_{c}$). Finally, Hist‐unmix was applied to a set of weakly magnetic carbonate rocks from Brazil, which typically show distorted hysteresis loops (wasp‐waisted and potbellied). For these samples, we resolved two components with distinct coercivities. These results are corroborated by previous experimental data, showing that the lower branch of magnetic hysteresis can be modeled by the presented approach and might offer important mineralogical information for rock magnetic and paleomagnetic studies.
Plain Language Summary
Rocks contain magnetic minerals that record Earth's varying magnetic field morphology and intensity and provide information on our planet's evolution, as well as the ancient environmental conditions where the rocks formed. To study these magnetic minerals, we need to identify and quantify them, but this is challenging because of the complex mixture of such minerals that a rock may contain. Magnetic hysteresis curves are a simple and quick measurement that provide information on the magnetic properties of a rock, reflecting the combined effects of different minerals. In this paper, we propose a mathematical model that can separate the individual contributions of each magnetic population. We also provide an open‐source Python script for users to apply our model to their own data.
Key Points
A new method for the parametric unmixing of magnetic hysteresis data based on a modified Gamma‐Cauchy exponential model is presented
The model accounts for curves with variable skewness/kurtosis, allowing the separation of dia/para and ferromagnetic contributions
An open‐source Python script (Hist‐unmix) allows users to import, process and model their data via a friendly interface
To understand the role of FoxO family members in hematopoiesis, we conditionally deleted
FoxO1,
FoxO3, and
FoxO4 in the adult hematopoietic system.
FoxO-deficient mice exhibited myeloid lineage ...expansion, lymphoid developmental abnormalities, and a marked decrease of the lineage-negative Sca-1
+, c-Kit
+ (LSK) compartment that contains the short- and long-term hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) populations.
FoxO-deficient bone marrow had defective long-term repopulating activity that correlated with increased cell cycling and apoptosis of HSC. Notably, there was a marked context-dependent increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in
FoxO-deficient HSC compared with wild-type HSC that correlated with changes in expression of genes that regulate ROS. Furthermore, in vivo treatment with the antioxidative agent N-acetyl-L-cysteine resulted in reversion of the
FoxO-deficient HSC phenotype. Thus, FoxO proteins play essential roles in the response to physiologic oxidative stress and thereby mediate quiescence and enhanced survival in the HSC compartment, a function that is required for its long-term regenerative potential.
Ultrastable lasers are essential tools in optical frequency metrology enabling unprecedented measurement precision that impacts on fields such as atomic timekeeping, tests of fundamental physics, and ...geodesy. To characterise an ultrastable laser it needs to be compared with a laser of similar performance, but a suitable system may not be available locally. Here, we report a comparison of two geographically separated lasers, over the longest ever reported metrological optical fibre link network, measuring 2220 km in length, at a state-of-the-art fractional-frequency instability of 7 × 10
for averaging times between 30 s and 200 s. The measurements also allow the short-term instability of the complete optical fibre link network to be directly observed without using a loop-back fibre. Based on the characterisation of the noise in the lasers and optical fibre link network over different timescales, we investigate the potential for disseminating ultrastable light to improve the performance of remote optical clocks.
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