In this book, Keith Williams explores Victorian culture’s emergent ‘cinematicity’ as a key creative driver of Joyce’s experimental fiction, showing how Joyce’s style and themes share the ...cinematograph’s roots in Victorian optical entertainment and science.
Investigates how the cinematic tendency of Joyce's writing developed from media predating filmFirst comprehensive consideration of Joyce in the context of pre-filmic 'cinematicity'.Research and ...analysis based on recent 'media archaeology'.Examines the shaping of Joyce's fiction by late-Victorian visual culture and science.Shows that key aspects of his literary experimentation derive from 'forgotten' popular cultural practices and 'vernacular modernism'.Shows Joyce's interaction with and critique of Modernity's developing 'media cultural imaginary'.In this book, Keith Williams explores Victorian culture's emergent 'cinematicity' as a key creative driver of Joyce's experimental fiction, showing how Joyce's style and themes share the cinematograph's roots in Victorian optical entertainment and science. The book reveals Joyce's references to optical toys, shadowgraphs, magic lanterns, panoramas, photographic analysis and film peepshows. Close analyses of his works show how his techniques elaborated and critiqued their effects on modernity's 'media-cultural imaginary'.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children is associated with increased risks of overweight/obesity and underweight, altered nutrient profile, and abnormal feeding behaviors. This systematic review ...aimed to elucidate the literature on the nutritional status of children with ASD in the Middle East North Africa (MENA) region, by providing a summary and assessment of the body of evidence. A systematic review of English and Arabic publications up to November 2020 was conducted of five databases in addition to the grey literature, which include a nutrition-related parameter, from both experimental and observational study designs. Children with ASD (ASD-C) between 2 and 19 years in the MENA Region were the target population. For risk of bias, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics' Quality Criteria Checklist (QCC) was adopted. The number of published articles was grossly limited. Forty-three articles were included, of which only four articles reported a low risk of bias; therefore, the results were interpreted in light of methodological limitations. Both overweight and underweight were common in ASD-C, although not consistently different than typically developing children. Nutrient inadequacies of energy, protein, omega-3, and others; deficiencies in serum iron indicators and calcium, as well as vitamins B12, B9, and D levels; and higher levels of homocysteine and omega-6/omega-3 ratios were reported. Feeding behavior problems were also common in ASD-C. Understanding nutritional requirements and food preferences can guide the planning of the appropriate comprehensive interventions for ASD-C. Various nutritional and behavioral concerns were identified in the included studies; however, they were subject to methodological weaknesses, which limited the generalizability of these results. Future research is warranted that must be directed to finding strong evidence using robust study designs on nutritional status and feeding behaviors of ASD-C, with a particular emphasis on the MENA Region.
The importance of probabilistic weather predictions and climate projections is growing. One of the key elements of the former is stochastic physics, schemes that perturb some uncertain processes in a ...general circulation model (GCM), such as physical parametrizations or diffusion. They help to increase the ensemble dispersion of ensemble prediction systems (EPS) and in some cases improve certain atmospheric processes by noise‐induced drifts. We have developed a new configuration of stochastic physics schemes for the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM). It consists of an improved Stochastic Kinetic Energy Backscatter v2 (SKEB2), plus the Stochastic Perturbation of Tendencies (SPT).
The improvements to SKEB2 remove spurious physical artefacts, e.g. a spurious wave caused by low‐wave‐number perturbations, and improve the resolution sensitivity of the scheme. The SPT produces a larger ensemble spread in the Tropics than present schemes, but its impact on long‐term climate budgets makes the use of conservation constraints for water vapour and energy essential.
The new configuration produces a higher impact in the Tropics, increasing the ensemble spread and improving some long‐standing climate biases in areas of excessive convection, whilst minimizing the negative impact on tropical processes like tropical convective waves.
Summary
The number, size and severity of aquatic low‐oxygen dead zones are increasing worldwide. Microbial processes in low‐oxygen environments have important ecosystem‐level consequences, such as ...denitrification, greenhouse gas production and acidification. To identify key microbial processes occurring in low‐oxygen bottom waters of the Chesapeake Bay, we sequenced both 16S rRNA genes and shotgun metagenomic libraries to determine the identity, functional potential and spatiotemporal distribution of microbial populations in the water column. Unsupervised clustering algorithms grouped samples into three clusters using water chemistry or microbial communities, with extensive overlap of cluster composition between methods. Clusters were strongly differentiated by temperature, salinity and oxygen. Sulfur‐oxidizing microorganisms were found to be enriched in the low‐oxygen bottom water and predictive of hypoxic conditions. Metagenome‐assembled genomes demonstrate that some of these sulfur‐oxidizing populations are capable of partial denitrification and transcriptionally active in a prior study. These results suggest that microorganisms capable of oxidizing reduced sulfur compounds are a previously unidentified microbial indicator of low oxygen in the Chesapeake Bay and reveal ties between the sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen cycles that could be important to capture when predicting the ecosystem response to remediation efforts or climate change.
The low-loss wide bandwidth capability of opto-electronic systems makes them attractive for the transmission and processing of microwave signals, while the development of high-capacity optical ...communication systems has required the use of microwave techniques in optical transmitters and receivers. These two strands have led to the development of the research area of microwave photonics. This paper reviews the development status of microwave photonic devices, describes their systems applications, and suggests some likely areas for future development
The Southern Ocean is a pivotal component of the global climate system yet it is poorly represented in climate models, with significant biases in upper-ocean temperatures, clouds and winds. Combining ...Atmospheric and Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (AMIP5/CMIP5) simulations, with observations and equilibrium heat budget theory, we show that across the CMIP5 ensemble variations in sea surface temperature biases in the 40-60°S Southern Ocean are primarily caused by AMIP5 atmospheric model net surface flux bias variations, linked to cloud-related short-wave errors. Equilibration of the biases involves local coupled sea surface temperature bias feedbacks onto the surface heat flux components. In combination with wind feedbacks, these biases adversely modify upper-ocean thermal structure. Most AMIP5 atmospheric models that exhibit small net heat flux biases appear to achieve this through compensating errors. We demonstrate that targeted developments to cloud-related parameterisations provide a route to better represent the Southern Ocean in climate models and projections.
ABSTRACT
Seed size and shape are important traits that have been altered during domestication and are monitored in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding programs because they may impact yield and ...milling quality. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for seed morphology were mapped in two doubled‐haploid (DH) wheat populations using three seed axes and elliptic Fourier descriptors of shape. In the Synthetic W7984 × Opata M85 (SynOpDH) population, 31 QTL were detected on all chromosomes except 3D, 4D, 5D, 6B, and 7B. Seed shape QTL in SynOpDH were independent of genes Q, Gpc‐B1, Ser5B, S1, S2, S3, and markers for rice (Oryza sativa L.) GW2 and GS3. Environmentally stable QTL on 1A and 2D, as well as a pleiotropic QTL on 5A were detected. QTL on chromosome 1A conditioned uniformly widened grains, 2D affected width, and 5A width and thickness. In the Cayuga × Caledonia DH population, 30 QTL affecting kernel morphology were detected on all chromosomes except 3A, 5D, 6A, 6B, 7A, and 7B. The most significant QTL in this population were on 3D affecting seed length and on 1D and 3B affecting uniform widening. Marker‐assisted selection of these QTL for complex dimensions of seed shape may assist in breeding cultivars with improved yield or quality.
The UK Met Office Unified Model in the Global Coupled 2 (GC2) configuration has a warm bias of up to almost
7
K
in the Gulf Stream SSTs in the winter season, which is associated with surface heat ...flux biases and potentially related to biases in the atmospheric circulation. The role of this SST bias is examined with a focus on the tropospheric response by performing three sensitivity experiments. The SST biases are imposed on the atmosphere-only configuration of the model over a small and medium section of the Gulf Stream, and also the wider North Atlantic. Here we show that the dynamical response to this anomalous Gulf Stream heating (and associated shifting and changing SST gradients) is to enhance vertical motion in the transient eddies over the Gulf Stream, rather than balance the heating with a linear dynamical meridional wind or meridional eddy heat transport. Together with the imposed Gulf Stream heating bias, the response affects the troposphere not only locally but also in remote regions of the Northern Hemisphere via a planetary Rossby wave response. The sensitivity experiments partially reproduce some of the differences in the coupled configuration of the model relative to the atmosphere-only configuration and to the ERA-Interim reanalysis. These biases may have implications for the ability of the model to respond correctly to variability or changes in the Gulf Stream. Better global prediction therefore requires particular focus on reducing any large western boundary current SST biases in these regions of high ocean-atmosphere interaction.
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