Abstract
The average age at diagnosis for colorectal cancer (
CRC
) in
A
ustralia is 69, and the age‐specific incidence rises rapidly after age 50 years. The incidence has stabilized or is declining ...in
older age
groups in
A
ustralia during recent decades, possibly related to the increased uptake of screening and high‐risk surveillance. In the same time frame, a rising incidence of
CRC
in
younger adults
has been well‐documented in the
U
nited
S
tates. This rise in incidence in the young has not been reported from other countries that share long‐term exposure to westernised urban lifestyles. Using data from the
A
ustralian
I
nstitute of
H
ealth and
W
elfare, we examined trends in national incidence rates for
CRC
under age 50 years and observed that rates in people
under age 40 years
have been rising for the last two decades. We further performed a review of the literature regarding
CRC
in young adults to outline the extent of current understanding, explore potential risk factors such as obesity, alcohol, and sedentary lifestyles, and to identify the questions remaining to be addressed. Although absolute numbers might not justify a population screening approach, the dispersal of young adults with
CRC
across the primary health‐care system decreases probability of their recognition. Patient and physician awareness, aided by stool and emerging blood‐screening tests and risk profiling tools, have the potential to aid in identification of those young adults who would most benefit from a colonoscopy through early detection of
CRC
s or by removal of advanced polyps.
...analysis of disease risk for relatives of cases must take into account the ascertainment of cases with respect to family history to reduce the potential selection bias, especially based on ...comparison with population incidences.
A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted from February 2008 to December 2009 at the largest Highway Terminal, Yangon, Myanmar to determine the prevalence of curable STIs (syphilis, ...gonorrhea, chlamydial infections, and trichomoniasis), to find out the associated factors for STIs, and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of gonococcal infection among highway drivers. Urine and blood specimens were collected from 601 male highway coach drivers after an interview about their behavior. Standard laboratory tests were carried out to detect STIs. Multivariate analysis was used to ascertain potential risk factors for STIs. The prevalence rates of syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydial infections, and trichomoniasis were 4.8, 4.3, 5.7, and 9.8%, respectively. One hundred and two (17.0%) were infected with at least one of the tested four STIs, and 34 (5.7%) had STI co-infections (2STIs). Those who had multiple sexual contacts were likely to be infected with at least one STI, and those who had a history of inconsistent condom use within past two weeks and multiple sexual contacts were more likely to have STI co-infections (p < 0.05). Antimicrobial susceptibility of 21 Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates showed that 85.7% were susceptible to azithromycin, 80.9% to spectinomycin, 66.7% to cefixime, 61.9% to ceftriaxone, and 38.1% to ciprofloxacin. The high prevalence of STIs in this study and the decreased susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone highlighted the role of periodic screening in early diagnosis and effective treatment of STIs among high-risk populations.
Purpose: The aim of this study is to determine the cataract surgical coverage and investigate the barriers to cataract surgery as reported by those with cataract‐induced visual impairment in rural ...Myanmar.
Methods: A cross‐sectional, population‐based survey of inhabitants 40 years of age and over from villages in the Meiktila District (central Myanmar); 2481 eligible participants were identified and 2076 participated. Data recording included corrected visual acuity, dilated slit lamp examination and stereoscopic fundus examination. Lens opacity was graded using the Lens Opacities Classification System III. Participants with cataract‐induced visual impairment (acuity < 6/18 in better eye) were also invited to respond to a verbal questionnaire about barriers to cataract surgery.
Results: Cataract surgical coverage for visual acuity cut‐offs of <6/18, <6/60 and <3/60 was 9.74%, 20.11% and 22.3%, respectively, for people and 4.18%, 9.39% and 13.47%, respectively, for eyes. Cataract surgical coverage was higher for men than women, but gender was not associated with refusal of services. Of the 239 who responded to the extra questionnaire, 216 were blind or had low vision owing to cataract. Three quarters refused referral for surgery: cost and fear of surgery were the most frequently reported barriers.
Conclusion: Cost plays a large role in the burden of cataract in this region. Implementation of educational programmes, reforms to local health service and subsidization of ophthalmic care may improve the uptake of cataract surgery.
For the manufacture of double curvature shell the technology of stretch forming press is used. The quality of the obtained part during automated shaping will depend on the shape of the equipment and ...the path of sheet blank deformation. The shape of the tool sets the anticipate panel shape, which provides the necessary residual curvature. Criteria for optimizing deformation processes are introduced that provide minimal damage and maximum residual deformations. Under the condition of the specified equipment, the optimal control task is set to find the best trajectory moving of the tool clamps. A discrete optimal control problem is formulated, which is solved by the dynamic programming method. The calculation of elementary operations in the search for the optimal solution is performed by analyzing the nonlinear deformation of the panel with contact restrictions by the finite element method. The algorithms of the numerical method implemented in MSC.Marc allow you to calculate the optimal operating parameters of the stretch forming press. The software implementation of the algorithm is performed in serial and parallel mode. Based on computational experiments, the efficiency of parallel computation on a cluster of computers has been shown.
The discovery and characterization of hot and dense QCD matter, known as Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP), remains the most international collaborative effort and synergy between theorists and ...experimentalists in modern nuclear physics to date. The experimentalists around the world not only collect an unprecedented amount of data in heavy-ion collisions, at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) in New York, USA, and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland but also analyze these data to unravel the mystery of this new phase of matter that filled a few microseconds old universe, just after the Big Bang. In the meantime, advancements in theoretical works and computing capability extend our wisdom about the hot-dense QCD matter and its dynamics through mathematical equations. The exchange of ideas between experimentalists and theoreticians is crucial for the progress of our knowledge. The motivation of this first conference named "HOT QCD Matter 2022" is to bring the community together to have a discourse on this topic. In this article, there are 36 sections discussing various topics in the field of relativistic heavy-ion collisions and related phenomena that cover a snapshot of the current experimental observations and theoretical progress. This article begins with the theoretical overview of relativistic spin-hydrodynamics in the presence of the external magnetic field, followed by the Lattice QCD results on heavy quarks in QGP, and finally, it ends with an overview of experiment results.
Forming in the creep mode of articles from sheets and panels is considered with the help of reconfigurable rods punch, which allows to change the shape of the workpiece. The experimental results ...allow one to identify the operation of scattering with the damage parameter. In this case, forming processes allow to control the level of material damage, to coordinate with technological limitations, due to the optimal choice of the deformational path in time. The problem of deformation in creep with contact conditions is solved by the finite element method. As the optimization criterion, the dissipation work accumulated in the process of deformation is adopted. Taking into account the time-discrete equations of the step-by-step integration procedure and the minimized functional, a discrete optimal control problem is formulated. In this formulation, the Bellman function is constructed and the problem is solved by the method of dynamic programming. An algorithm for calculating the rational motion of rods during forming is presented. This algorithm is implemented in the system MSC.Marc, MSC.Patran.
Simulation of the electromagnetic response of the human body relies heavily upon efficient computational models or phantoms. The first objective of this paper is to present a new platform-independent ...full-body electromagnetic computational model (computational phantom), the Visible Human Project ® (VHP)-Female v. 2.0 and to describe its distinct features. The second objective is to report phantom simulation performance metrics using the commercial FEM electromagnetic solver ANSYS HFSS.
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