A cross sectional study was carried out in a rural area of Myanmar to identify malaria patients' acceptance of artesunate plus mefloquine drug combination and to determine the cost borne by patients. ...The majority (88.5%) preferred this new regimen rather than the other ones they had used before; conviction of drug efficacy was the reason given for the preference by most of them. Traveling on foot to rural health centers or a health assistant's residence for getting the drugs was found to be the main route. Average cost incurred by a patient to get the drug was found to be 274.22 Kyats. Among the cost items, drug cost was the highest item that they had used.
A previously developed Russell's viper venom toxoid in Myanmar is in a liquid form that shows reversion in the form of a reduced number of formaldehyde linkages and toxicity during storage at 37 ...degrees C and at room temperature. In order to have a safe, potent and stable toxoid, a lyophilized form was prepared in the present study from the liquid toxoid through the use of a freeze dryer. Both the liquid and lyophilized forms were then stored at 4 degrees C and at room temperature, and in addition to safety and immunogenicity tests, biochemical parameters such as the protein content, the activity of venom enzymes (proteinase, phospholipase A, phosphodiesterase, and arginine esterase), and the released free formalin amounts were assessed at 3-month intervals over a period of 1 year. The results indicate that under both conditions, the lyophilized toxoid shows minimum changes in enzyme activity, a reduced tendency toward formaldehyde linkage, no toxicity, and more immunogenicity in comparison with the respective liquid toxoids. It could therefore be hypothesized that Russell's viper venom toxoid in a lyophilized form is more promising in terms of efficacy and stability for prophylactic use in human immunization than the conventional toxoid in a liquid form.
This paper describes on a control system of multiple-motor system for a side slipway ship pulling out system using fuzzy logic control. The main control system is responsible for synchronized motion ...of trailers and fuzzy control system is used as a key control system for compensating a velocity error, rotational error and distance error caused by the unsynchronized motion of the trailers. A simulation system is used to evaluate the performance of the control system and five different types of common errors are used for testing the outputs of the control system
To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of oral angiotensin-converting inhibition (ACE) with captopril in chronic normotensive congestive heart failure (CHF), acute and cardiocirculatory actions were ...determined by cardiac catheterization and forearm plethysmography, and ambulatory effects were assessed by echocardiography, nuclear angiography, treadmill exercise, and clinical symptomatology in 10 severe CHF patients. Captopril (90 mg) produced marked (peak 1 hour) and sustained (5 hours) left ventricular filling pressure (23 to 15 mm Hg), systemic vascular resistance decreases, and cardiac index increase (1.99 to 2.41 L/min/m2), while mean blood pressure declined mildly (87 to 80 mm Hg) without heart rate change. Both forearm venous tone and vascular resistance decreased considerably. After 1 week of ambulatory therapy (90 mg three times daily), nuclear angiographic ejection and echocardiogram shortening fractions increased, and exercise duration (341 to 453 sec) and New York Heart Association functional class (3.6 to 2.2) improved. Thus ACE-induced vasodilation by oral captopril improved cardiac performance and clinical status in refractory CHF.
To provide improved inotropic agents for enhanced therapy of severe congestive heart failure (CHF), the hemodynamic efficacy of prenalterol (PN), a recently developed cardioselective beta-1 receptor ...agonist, was evaluated by cardiac catheterization in nine patients with refractory CHF due to chronic coronary disease. PN (4.8 mg intravenously) markedly augmented the cardiac index from 1.9 to 2.6 L/min/m2 (p less than 0.01) and substantially elevated stroke index from 24 to 30 ml/beat/m2 (p less than 0.001). Additionally, PN raised stroke work index 21 to 26 gm.m/m2 (p less than 0.005) and decreased total systemic vascular resistance from 1,702 to 1,260 dynes-sec cm(-5) (p less than 0.001). Concomitantly, heart rate, mean blood pressure, and left ventricular filling pressure were unaltered ( p greater than 0.05). Importantly, the heart rate-systolic blood pressure product was unchanged (p less than 0.05), and precipitation of cardiac dysrhythmias or myocardial ischemia was not observed. Thus PN produced considerable improvement of depressed cardiocirculatory performance without untoward effects and thereby appears a valuable new cardiotonic in the clinical management of severe low output ventricular dysfunction.
Twenty-two hospitalized HIV seropositive patients were studied prospectively between July 1991 and January 1992. The majority of the patients were intravenous drug users (IVDUs). Their age ranged ...from 20 to 38 years with a male preponderance of 12 to 1. Anemia, lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia were observed in 100%, 36% and 41%, respectively. The common pathogens like malaria parasites, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Entamoeba histolytica, Streptococcus and Salmonella were isolated/identified rather than opportunistic organisms.
Design criteria for free convection cooling c,f electronic systems are considered, The primary emphasis is on electronic equipment in which vertically oriented circuit cards are aligned to form ...vertical channels. Results of an experimental study utilizing a simulated electronic cabinet are discussed and compared with theoretical solutions obtained by numerical integration of the partial differential equations governing the heat transfer. Good agreement is shown between predicted and measured card temperatures for several different card spacings. Parametric effects on the maximum card temperature are given for card spacing, heat dissipation, and channel height. Nomograms are developed for rapid estimation of card temperatures and for choosing optimum card spacings. The effects of channel flow restrictions, staggered cards, and baffles are also discussed.
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