Aims
Diseases caused by pathogenic fungi was a major constrain in increasing productivity and improving quality of Panax notoginseng. The aim of this research was to evaluate the inhibitory activity ...of essential oils (EOs) from Asteraceae family, Chrysanthemum indicum and Laggera pterodonta, against pathogenic fungi of P. notoginseng.
Methods and Results
The antifungal activity was investigated using multiple methods, disclosing that the EOs from C. indicum and L. pterodonta are active against hypha growth of different fungi but with different degrees of potency. Checkerboard testing indicated that the combination of EOs with hymexazol had synergistic effect against Pythium aphanidermatum, and exhibited additive effects against bulk of targeted pathogenic fungi. Besides, we found that the baseline sensitivity of Fusarium oxysporum to L. pterodonta EOs was higher than those of C. indicum by means of mycelium growth rate method. Finally, the practicability of those EOs as plant pesticide was confirmed by in vivo model showing that EOs can significantly inhibit the occurrence of root rot of P. notoginseng caused by F. oxysporum.
Conclusion
Those studies suggest that the EOs from C. indicum and L. pterodonta had the potential to develop into new pollution‐free pesticides for the protection of precious Chinese herbal medicines.
Significance and Impact of the Study
This study provided a new way of biological control for overcoming the frequent diseases occurrence of P. notoginseng.
Summary
CD28H and B7‐H5 have been identified as receptor–ligand pairs in the B7/CD28 family, and have co‐stimulatory activity in immune cells. Here, we have systematically reviewed the research ...reports concerning the CD28H/B7‐H5 pathway. It was found that CD28H is mainly expressed in T cells and natural killer (NK) cells with naive and poorly differentiated properties, and repeated antigen stimulation leads to permanent loss of CD28H. In tumors, CD28H is mainly expressed in tissue‐resident memory (TRM) lymphocyte T cells, which is associated with improved tumor prognosis. B7‐H5 is a ligand for CD28H and is widely expressed in tumor cells. B7‐H5 expression is closely related to the prognosis of the tumor. Studies have shown that high expression of B7‐H5 in tumor is related to a worse prognosis for lung cancer, osteosarcoma, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), breast carcinoma, human clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) and colorectal cancer (CRC), but is associated with a better prognosis for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and glioma. Controversial views exist in studies on gastric cancer prognosis.
The B7/CD28 family regulates T lymphocyte response through co‐stimulation and co‐inhibition. CD28H/B7‐H5, as a new member of the family, has proven to be a costimulatory pathway. The expression of CD28H and B7‐H5 in tumors has certain relationship with tumor prognosis.
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that as the trade wind in the Caribbean Sea weakens from summer to fall, conditions become more favorable for the Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico to shed an ...anticyclonic ring. This idea originated with observations showing a preference for more eddies from summer through fall, and it was confirmed using multidecadal model experiments. Here, the hypothesis is further tested by studying the dynamics of a specific eddy-shedding event in summer 2011 using a model experiment initialized with observation-assimilated reanalysis and forced by reanalysis wind from NCEP. Eddy shedding in July 2011 is shown to follow the weakening of the trade wind and Yucatan transport in late June. The shedding time is significantly earlier than can be explained based on reduced-gravity Rossby wave dynamics. Altimetry and model data are analyzed to show that empirical orthogonal function modes 1 + 2 dominate the reduced-gravity process, while higher modes contain the coupling of the Loop Current with deep layer underneath. The Loop’s westward expansion at incipient shedding induces a deep cyclonic gyre in the eastern Gulf, embedded within which are small cyclones caused by the baroclinic instability of the strongly sheared current north of the Campeche Bank. The associated deep upwelling and upper-layer divergence from these cyclonic circulations accelerate eddy shedding.
Here we provide the first evidence that tetraspanin CD151 can support de novo carcinogenesis. During two-stage mouse skin chemical carcinogenesis, CD151 reduces tumor lag time and increases ...incidence, multiplicity, size and progression to malignant squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), while supporting both cell survival during tumor initiation and cell proliferation during the promotion phase. In human skin SCC, CD151 expression is selectively elevated compared with other skin cancer types. CD151 support of keratinocyte survival and proliferation may depend on activation of transcription factor STAT3 (signal transducers and activators of transcription), a regulator of cell proliferation and apoptosis. CD151 also supports protein kinase C (PKC)α-α6β4 integrin association and PKC-dependent β4 S1424 phosphorylation, while regulating α6β4 distribution. CD151-PKCα effects on integrin β4 phosphorylation and subcellular localization are consistent with epithelial disruption to a less polarized, more invasive state. CD151 ablation, while minimally affecting normal cell and normal mouse functions, markedly sensitized mouse skin and epidermoid cells to chemicals/drugs including 7,12-dimethylbenzαanthracene (mutagen) and camptothecin (topoisomerase inhibitor), as well as to agents targeting epidermal growth factor receptor, PKC, Jak2/Tyk2 and STAT3. Hence, CD151 'co-targeting' may be therapeutically beneficial. These findings not only support CD151 as a potential tumor target, but also should apply to other cancers utilizing CD151/laminin-binding integrin complexes.
Polycaprolactone (PCL) has been widely adopted as a scaffold biomaterial, but further improvement of the hemocompatibility of a PCL film surface is still needed for wide biomedical applications. In ...this work, the PCL film surface was functionalized with zwitterionic poly(3-dimethyl(methacryloyloxyethyl) ammonium propane sulfonate) (P(DMAPS)) brushes via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) for enhancing hemocompatibility. Kinetics study revealed an approximately linear increase in graft yield of the functional P(DMAPS) brushes with polymerization time. The blood compatibilities of the modified PCL film surfaces were studied by platelet adhesion tests of platelet-rich plasma and human whole blood, hemolysis assay, and plasma recalcification time (PRT) assay. The improvement of hemocompatibility is dependent on the coverage of the grafted P(DMAPS) brushes on the PCL film. Lower or no platelet and blood cell adhesion was observed on the P(DMAPS)-grafted film surfaces. The P(DMAPS) grafting can further decrease hemolysis and enhance the PRT of the PCL surface. With the versatility of surface-initiated ATRP and the excellent hemocompatibility of zwitterionic polymer brushes, PCL films with desirable blood properties can be readily tailored to cater to various biomedical applications.
Purpose
In this study, we aimed to identify risk factors for developing second primary malignancies (SPMs) in colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) patients and develop a competing-risk nomogram ...to predict SPMs’ probabilities quantitatively.
Methods
Patients with colorectal NENs were retrospectively collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database during 2000–2013. Potential risk factors for SPMs’ occurrence in colorectal NENs’ patients were identified by the Fine and Gray’s proportional sub-distribution hazards model. Then, a competing-risk nomogram was constructed to quantify SPMs’ probabilities. The discriminative abilities and calibrations of this competing-risk nomogram were assessed by the area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves (AUC) and calibration curves.
Results
We identified 11,017 colorectal NENs’ patients, and randomly divided them into training (
n
= 7711 patients) and validation (
n
= 3306 patients) cohorts. In the whole cohort, 12.4% patients (
n
= 1369) had developed SPMs during the maximum follow-up of approximately 19 years (median 8.9 years). Sex, age, race, primary tumor location, and chemotherapy were identified as risk factors for SPMs’ occurrence in colorectal NENs’ patients. Such factors were selected to develop a competing-risk nomogram and showed excellent predictive ability for SPMs’ occurrence (the 3-, 5-, and 10-year AUC values were 0.631, 0.632, and 0.629 in the training cohort and 0.665, 0.639, 0.624 in the validation cohort, respectively).
Conclusions
This research identified risk factors for SPMs’ occurrence in colorectal NENs’ patients. Competing-risk nomogram was constructed and proved to have good performance.
Biothermomechanics of skin is highly interdisciplinary, involving bioheat transfer, burn damage, biomechanics and physiology. Comprehension of the phenomena of heat transfer and related ...thermomechanics in skin tissue is of great importance and can contribute to a variety of medical applications. Due to the “lengthy” thermal relaxation time in biological tissue, non-Fourier thermal behaviour has been experimentally observed, attracting increasingly more attention to this phenomenon. The aim of this study is to review previous researches on the non-Fourier heat transfer process and to develop a computational approach to examine this non-Fourier process and its influence on the mechanical response in skin tissue. The dual-phase-lag (DPL) model is first used to model bioheat transfer across the tissue. Together with the thermal wave model, the non-Fourier thermomechanical behaviour of the tissue is analyzed under various surface heating boundary conditions. For single-layer tissue model, exact solutions for temperature, thermal stress and thermal damage fields are derived; for multi-layer structural models, numerical solutions are obtained with the finite difference method. Large discrepancies are found to exist amongst the predictions of Pennes model, thermal wave model and dual-phase-lag model, while different DPL bioheat transfer models give similar predictions.
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