Nucleotide (NT) could enhance growth, feeding and immunity in higher vertebrate and fish. Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi) refuse artificial diet in natural water, whereas the NT might promote its ...feeding of domestication diet. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of dietary NT on growth, feed intake, feed utilization, body composition, serum biochemistry and nitrogen metabolism in juvenile Siniperca chuatsi. 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 4.0 g NT kg−1 diet were supplemented in each diet, respectively. Triplicate groups of Chinese perch (36.21 ± 0.98 g) were fed twice a day to apparent satiation for 8 weeks. The results showed that fish fed with 1.5 g NT kg−1 diet had the highest weight gain (WG), specific growth rate, feed efficiency, feed intake, protein efficiency ratio and protein retention efficiency. The crude protein content in whole body was highest in fish fed the diet containing 1.5 g NT kg−1 diet. Dietary NT supplementation significantly increased the neuropeptide Y gene expression and significantly decreased the agouti‐related protein and pro‐opiomelanocortin gene expressions in brain. NT supplementation decreased urea nitrogen content, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase activities in serum. The hepatic AST activity was increased first and then decreased, and the highest activity was observed in fish fed with 1 g NT kg−1 diet. Inversely, the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in liver and adenosine 5′‐monophosphate deaminase in muscle decreased first and then increased, and the lowest activity was observed in fish fed with 1.5 g NT kg−1 diet. Similarly, the gene expression levels of GDH and arginase in liver were lowest in fish fed with 1.5 g NT kg−1 diet. Based on the broken‐line regression analysis of WG in the present experimental condition, 1.44 g NT kg−1 diet was the optimum supplementation level in juvenile Siniperca chuatsi.
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy is a promising approach against myocardial infarction (MI). Studies have demonstrated that MSCs can communicate with other cells by secreting exosomes. In the ...present study, we aimed to identify exosomal microRNAs that might contribute to MSC-mediated cardioprotective effects. Primary cardiomyocytes were deprived of oxygen and glucose to mimic MI in vitro. For the animal model of MI, the left anterior descending artery was ligated for 1 h, followed by reperfusion for 12 h. MSC-derived exosomes were used to treat primary cardiomyocytes or mice. Cardioprotection-related microRNAs were determined, followed by target gene identification and functional studies with quantitative PCR, western blotting, MTT assay, flow cytometry assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation and dual-luciferase assay. We found that MSC co-culture reduced OGD-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and inflammatory responses. Cardioprotection was also observed upon treatment with MSC-derived exosomes in vitro and in vivo. In line with this, exosome uptake led to a significant increase in miR-25-3p in cardiomyocytes. Depletion of miR-25-3p in MSCs abolished the protective effects of exosomes. Mechanistically, miR-25-3p directly targeted the pro-apoptotic genes FASL and PTEN and reduced their protein levels. Moreover, miR-25-3p decreased the levels of EZH2 and H3K27me3, leading to derepression of the cardioprotective gene eNOS as well as the anti-inflammatory gene SOCS3. Inhibition of EZH2 or overexpression of miR-25-3p in cardiomyocytes was sufficient to confer cardioprotective effects in vitro and in vivo. We concluded that exosomal miR-25-3p from MSCs alleviated MI by targeting pro-apoptotic proteins and EZH2.
K. galanga
is an aromatic medicinal herb. It is locally to India and distributed in China, Myanmar, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand.
K. galanga
is a Traditional Chinese Herb Medicine (TCHM), which ...has been applied to treat cold, dry cough, toothaches, rheumatism, hypertension and so on. In addition, it has been used widely as spices since its highly aromas. The aim of this review is to compile and update the current progresses of ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of
K. galanga
. All the data on
K. galanga
were based on different classical literary works, multiple electronic databases including SciFinder, Web of Science, PubMed, etc. The results showed that ninety-seven compounds have been identified from rhizome of
K. galanga
, including terpenoids, phenolics, cyclic dipeptides, flavonoids, diarylheptanoids, fatty acids and esters. Modern pharmacology studies revealed that extracts or secondary metabolites of the herb possessed anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-tumorous, anti-bacterial, and anti-angiogenesis effects, which were closely related to its abundant ethnomedicinal uses. In conclusion, although previous research works have provided various information of
K. galanga
, more in-depth studies are still necessary to systemically evaluate phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, toxicity and quality control of this herb.
Highly transparent polymeric antifogging and frost-resisting films capable of conveniently healing scratches and cuts are fabricated by the dip-coating technique from a solution of hydrogen-bonded ...poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and Nafion complexes (denoted as PVA–Nafion), and then the as-prepared PVA–Nafion films are soaked in an aqueous NaOH solution to induce the formation of PVA crystallites. The dip-coated PVA–Nafion films can be deposited on plastic substrates such as poly(ethylene terephthalate) and polycarbonate eyeglasses and are sufficiently flexible to endure repeated bending–unbending treatments. The PVA crystallites act as physical cross-linkers and significantly improve the stability of the PVA–Nafion antifogging films in water. Nafion has a hydrogen-bonding interaction with PVA that further improves the stability of the PVA–Nafion films. The excellent antifogging and frost-resisting capabilities of the PVA–Nafion films even under aggressive fogging and frosting conditions originate from the remarkable water-absorbing capacity of PVA in the films. The reversible hydrogen-bonding interactions between PVA and Nafion and the high mobility of the polymer chains triggered by water endow the PVA–Nafion films with the ability to rapidly and repeatedly heal scratches and cuts several hundreds of micrometers wide to restore their high transparency as well as antifogging and frost-resisting functions.
According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF),2 the prevalence of diabetes among adults aged 20–79 in 2017 was 8.8% from a total population of 425 million, which will reach 629 million by ...2045. SOD: superoxide dismutase; CAT: catalase; GSH-px: glutathione peroxidase; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; MDA: malondialdehyde. 34 Therefore, oxidative stress is most harmful to human pancreatic cells, causing diabetes. ...increasing studies35,36 have shown that oxidative stress can induce insulin resistance, which makes more evident that oxidative stress is an important factor in the onset or exacerbation of T2DM. ...anti-oxidative therapy is helpful for the treatment of T2DM.
Summary
With advanced sequencing technology, dozens of complex polyploid plant genomes have been characterized. However, for many polyploid species, their diploid ancestors are unknown or extinct, ...making it impossible to unravel the subgenomes and genome evolution directly.
We developed a novel subgenome‐phasing algorithm, SubPhaser, specifically designed for a neoallopolyploid or a homoploid hybrid. SubPhaser first searches for the subgenome‐specific sequence (k‐mer), then assigns homoeologous chromosomes into subgenomes, and further provides tools to annotate and investigate specific sequences.
SubPhaser works well on neoallopolyploids and homoploid hybrids containing subgenome‐specific sequences like wheat, but fails on autopolyploids lacking subgenome‐specific sequences like alfalfa, indicating that SubPhaser can phase neoallopolyploid/homoploid hybrids with high accuracy, sensitivity and performance.
This highly accurate, highly sensitive, ancestral data free chromosome phasing algorithm, SubPhaser, offers significant application value for subgenome phasing in neoallopolyploids and homoploid hybrids, and for the subsequent exploration of genome evolution and related genetic/epigenetic mechanisms.
As economical traits, food habits domestication can reduce production cost in aquaculture. However, the molecular mechanism underlying food habits domestication has remained elusive. Mandarin fish ...(Siniperca chuatsi) only feed on live prey fish and refuse artificial diets. In the present study, we domesticated mandarin fish to feed on artificial diets. The two groups were obtained, the fish did not eat artificial diets or ate artificial diets during all of the three domestication processes, named Group W or X, respectively.
Using transcriptome and metabolome analysis, we investigated the differentially expressed genes and metabolites between the two groups, and found three common pathways related to food habit domestication, including retinol metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids pathways. Furthermore, the western blotting and bisulfite sequencing PCR analysis were performed. The gene expression of TFIIF and histone methyltransferase ezh1 were significantly increased and decreased in the fish of Group X, respectively. The total DNA methylation levels of TFIIF gene and tri-methylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3) were significantly higher and lower in the fish of Group X, respectively.
It was speculated that mandarin fish which could feed on artificial diets, might be attributed to the lower expression of ezh1, resulting in the decreased level of H3K27me3 and increased level of DNA methylation of TFIIF gene. The high expression of TFIIF gene might up-regulate the expression of genes in retinol metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism and glycerophosphoric metabolism pathways. Our study indicated the relationship between the methylation of DNA and histone and food habits domestication, which might be a novel molecular mechanism of food habits domestication in animals.
In this communication, we report a new covalent organic framework (COF) material, Zn-COF, and estimated its catalytic performance on higher sugar generation from glycolaldehyde through the formose ...reaction. The results confirmed that Zn-COF presented highest reaction efficiency under mechano-catalysis conditions with 62.7% glycolaldehyde conversion in 2 h and a normalized reaction rate (
R
g
) of 31.35 × 10
−4
mol h
−1
g
−1
.
This work reports a new Zn-COF with a three-dimension framework, which presents superior ability toward glycolaldehyde conversion to tetroses under mechano-catalysis conditions.
Plant protein is the main substitution protein for fishmeal, especially rapeseed meal, and it contains anti‐nutritional factors and toxicants such as tannin. Few studies have identified clear ...physiological or toxicological impacts of tannin on fish. Here, our experiment evaluated the physiological and toxicological effects of tannin on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Different concentrations of dietary tannin (1.5, 7.2, 19.9, 39.4, 83.2 and 162.0 g kg−1 diet) were tested. Dietary tannin (≥7.2 g kg−1 diet) inhibited feed intake, and the appetite‐promoting gene expression (Grehlin, NPY, Y8a and Y8b), meanwhile, increased the appetite‐inhibiting gene expression (CCK and CART). Moreover, tannin addition reduced feed utilization (dietary nutrient retention, fat depot, activity of protease, lipase and amylase) of grass carp (p < .05). Besides, high dietary tannin (≥39.4 g kg−1 diet) lowered immunity (serum superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and the contents of total protein, albumin, complement component C3 and C4) (p < .05) and damaged the hepatic structure of grass carp, leading to attenuated growth in grass carp. This suggests that grass carp could not tolerate dietary tannin of >19.9 g kg−1. The second trial designed to test the alleviation the negative effect of tannin by tannase. After adding tannase with a dose of 1000 or 1500 U kg−1 to the diets, the weight gain of grass carp fed those diets was significantly increased compared with those fed the tannin and rapeseed meal addition groups (p < .05). Also, when high‐level tannase was supplemented to the control diet, weight gain significantly improved. The decrease in feed intake by high dietary tannin and rapeseed meal was relieved through adding tannase in diet of grass carp, especially when tannase supplemented level reached 1000 U kg−1 diet (p < .05). This study indicates that dietary tannin (≥7.2 g kg−1 diet) negatively affects the growth of grass carp through changing feed intake, feed utilization, immunity and hepatic structure, and addition of tannase reached 1000 U kg−1 diet almost alleviate adverse effects of tannin and rapeseed meal (which included high contents of tannin) on grass carp.
The Mg-4Zn-0.5Ca alloys extruded at 280°C by different ultra-slow extrusion speed (0.01, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5mms−1) were investigated in present study. The results show that both the volume fraction and ...average size of DRXed grains increase with the increase of extrusion speed, which is different from that depicted by present Z parameter. To fit the extrusion conditions with low temperature and ultra-slow extrusion speed, a more accurate estimate/measurement of the actual temperature in the expression of the Z parameter is needed in the further study. Even though the amount of precipitates decrease with the increasing extrusion speed, the increasing amount of DRX regions lead to the decreased intensity of basal plane texture. Superior mechanical properties with the yield strength of 324.5MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 371.1MPa and elongation to failure of 7.9% are achieved in present Mg-4Zn-0.5Ca alloy extruded at the speed of 0.01mms−1. As the extrusion speed increased from 0.01 to 0.5mms−1, the strength decreases which is accompanied with the increase of elongation.
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