Key message
The novel AP2/ERF transcription factor SmERF128 positively regulates diterpenoid tanshinone biosynthesis by activating the expression of
SmCPS1, SmKSL1
, and
SmCYP76AH1
in
Salvia ...miltiorrhiza
.
Certain members of the APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor (AP2/ERF) family regulate plant secondary metabolism. Although it is clearly documented that AP2/ERF transcription factors (TFs) are involved in sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis, the regulation of diterpenoid biosynthesis by AP2/ERF TFs remains elusive. Here, we report that the novel AP2/ERF TF SmERF128 positively regulates diterpenoid tanshinone biosynthesis in
Salvia miltiorrhiza
. Overexpression of
SmERF128
increased the expression levels of copalyl diphosphate synthase 1 (
SmCPS1
), kaurene synthase-like 1 (
SmKSL1
) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase 76AH1 (
SmCYP76AH1
), whereas their expression levels were decreased when
SmERF128
was silenced. Accordingly, the content of tanshinone was reduced in
SmERF128
RNA interference (RNAi) hairy roots and dramatically increased in
SmERF128
overexpression hairy roots, as demonstrated through Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Furthermore, SmERF128 activated the expression of
SmCPS1, SmKSL1
, and
SmCYP76AH1
by binding to the GCC box, and to the CRTDREHVCBF2 (CBF2) and RAV1AAT (RAA) motifs within their promoters during in vivo and in vitro assays. Our findings not only reveal the molecular basis of how the AP2/ERF transcription factor SmERF128 regulates diterpenoid biosynthesis, but also provide useful information for improving tanshinone production through genetic engineering.
Accurate prediction of crude petroleum production in oil fields plays a crucial role in analyzing reservoir dynamics, formulating measures to increase production, and selecting ways to improve ...recovery factors. Current prediction methods mainly include reservoir engineering methods, numerical simulation methods, and deep learning methods, and the required prerequisite is a large amount of historical data. However, when the data used to train the model are insufficient, the prediction effect will be reduced dramatically. In this paper, a time series-related meta-learning (TsrML) method is proposed that can be applied to the prediction of petroleum time series containing small samples and can address the limitations of traditional deep learning methods for the few-shot problem, thereby supporting the development of production measures. The approach involves an architecture divided into meta-learner and base-learner, which learns initialization parameters from 89 time series datasets. It can be quickly adapted to achieve excellent and accurate predictions with small samples in the oil field. Three case studies were performed using time series from two actual oil fields. For objective evaluation, the proposed method is compared with several traditional methods. Compared to traditional deep learning methods, RMSE is decreased by 0.1766 on average, and MAPE is decreased by 4.8013 on average. The empirical results show that the proposed method outperforms the traditional deep learning methods.
We identified from suckling piglets with diarrhea in China a new bat-HKU2-like porcine coronavirus (porcine enteric alphacoronavirus). The GDS04 strain of this coronavirus shares high aa identities ...(>90%) with the reported bat-HKU2 strains in Coronaviridae-wide conserved domains, suggesting that the GDS04 strain belongs to the same species as HKU2.
Summary
Danshen, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, is one of the most widely used herbs in traditional Chinese medicine, wherein its rhizome/roots are particularly valued. The corresponding bioactive ...components include the tanshinone diterpenoids, the biosynthesis of which is a subject of considerable interest. Previous investigations of the S. miltiorrhiza transcriptome have relied on short‐read next‐generation sequencing (NGS) technology, and the vast majority of the resulting isotigs do not represent full‐length cDNA sequences. Moreover, these efforts have been targeted at either whole plants or hairy root cultures. Here, we demonstrate that the tanshinone pigments are produced and accumulate in the root periderm, and apply a combination of NGS and single‐molecule real‐time (SMRT) sequencing to various root tissues, particularly including the periderm, to provide a more complete view of the S. miltiorrhiza transcriptome, with further insight into tanshinone biosynthesis as well. In addition, the use of SMRT long‐read sequencing offered the ability to examine alternative splicing, which was found to occur in approximately 40% of the detected gene loci, including several involved in isoprenoid/terpenoid metabolism.
Significance Statement
Here, we combined NGS and SMRT sequencing to generate a more complete/full‐length S. miltiorrhiza transcriptome. Our study provides a general model for studying the full‐length transcriptome, alternative splicing, and the biosynthesis of active constituents in medicinal plants, as well as important information about the important Danshen constituent of traditional Chinese medicine more specifically.
Nano-reinforced composites have a wide range of useful applications thanks to their exceptional all-encompassing characteristics. Understanding the micromechanical model and the reinforcing process ...in nano-composites is crucial for a quantitative assessment of the reinforcement impact of nano-fillers and performance optimization. The original micromechanical model for common composite materials is no longer applicable since mechanical modeling of composite materials takes into consideration variables like multi-scale, multi-phase, and multi-morphology. The multi-scale parameter equivalent modeling theory of nano-reinforced composites is examined in this work. It is suggested to use a generalized modified Halpin-Tsai micromechanical model, which may accommodate any reinforcement form, size, or orientation, after theoretical and experimental comparison and verification. A tiny sample of the nano-reinforced composite material's mechanical tensile characteristics was examined, and its microscopic.
•By examining the multi-scale parameter equivalent model and technique of nano reinforced composite materials, a generalized modified Halpin Tsai model that can be used for any form, size, and orientation was developed.•Using the mixed solution approach, nano reinforced composite material samples were created, their mechanical tensile properties were examined, their microscopic features were observed, and the distribution and reinforcing process of nano reinforced materials were researched.•Experimental evidence shows that GPL in epoxy resin/GPL nanocomposites made using the mixed solution approach is randomly oriented in the same section, making the micromechanical concept of random orientation distribution more applicable.
During mitosis, transcription of genomic DNA is dramatically reduced, before it is reactivated during nuclear reformation in anaphase/telophase. Many aspects of the underlying principles that mediate ...transcriptional memory and reactivation in the daughter cells remain unclear. Here, we used ChIP-seq on synchronized cells at different stages after mitosis to generate genome-wide maps of histone modifications. Combined with EU-RNA-seq and Hi-C analyses, we found that during prometaphase, promoters, enhancers, and insulators retain H3K4me3 and H3K4me1, while losing H3K27ac. Enhancers globally retaining mitotic H3K4me1 or locally retaining mitotic H3K27ac are associated with cell type-specific genes and their transcription factors for rapid transcriptional activation. As cells exit mitosis, promoters regain H3K27ac, which correlates with transcriptional reactivation. Insulators also gain H3K27ac and CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) in anaphase/telophase. This increase of H3K27ac in anaphase/telophase is required for posttranscriptional activation and may play a role in the establishment of topologically associating domains (TADs). Together, our results suggest that the genome is reorganized in a sequential order, in which histone methylations occur first in prometaphase, histone acetylation, and CTCF in anaphase/telophase, transcription in cytokinesis, and long-range chromatin interactions in early G1. We thus provide insights into the histone modification landscape that allows faithful reestablishment of the transcriptional program and TADs during cell division.
is the essential source of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs), making it a highly valued raw material in traditional Chinese medicine. The plant's root secondary metabolism is intricately linked ...to the microbial communities that surround it. However, the root-associated microbiomes of
, as well as the potential correlation between its bioactive compounds and these microbiomes, remain poorly understood. Here, the metabolic profiles of root, rhizosphere, and bulk soils of
revealed the dramatic differences in the relative content of plant-specialized metabolites. A total of 31, 21, and 0 specialized metabolites in
were identified in the root, rhizosphere soil, and bulk soil, respectively, with higher content of the seven major BIAs observed in the rhizosphere compared with that in the bulk soils. The composition of the bulk and rhizosphere microbiomes was noticeably distinct from that of the endospheric microbiome. The phylum Cyanobacteria accounted for over 60% of the root endosphere communities, and the α-diversity in root was the lowest. Targeted seven BIAs, namely, berberine, palmatine, magnocurarine, phellodendrine, jatrorrhizine, tetrahydropalmatine, and magnoflorine, were significantly positively correlated with Nectriaceae and Sphingobacteriaceae. This study has illuminated the intricate interaction networks between
root-associated microorganisms and their key chemical compounds, providing the theoretical foundation for discovering biological fertilizers and laying the groundwork for cultivating high-quality medicinal plants.
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an important gammacoronavirus. The virus is highly contagious, can infect chickens of all ages, and causes considerable economic losses in the poultry ...industry worldwide. In the last few decades, numerous studies have been published regarding pathogenicity, vaccination, and host immunity-virus interaction. In particular, innate immunity serves as the first line of defense against invasive pathogens and plays an important role in the pathogenetic process of IBV infection. This review focuses on fundamental aspects of host innate immune responses after IBV infection, including identification of conserved viral structures and different components of host with antiviral activity, which could provide useful information for novel vaccine development, vaccination strategies, and intervention programs.
Developing earth-abundant and highly effective electrocatalysts for electrocatalytic water splitting is a prerequisite for the upcoming hydrogen energy society. Recently, manganese-based materials ...have been one of the most promising candidates to replace noble metal catalysts due to their natural abundance, low cost, adjustable electronic properties, and excellent chemical stability. Although some achievements have been made in the past decades, their performance is still far lower than that of Pt. Therefore, further research is needed to improve the performance of manganese-based catalytic materials. In this review, we summarize the research progress on the application of manganese-based materials as catalysts for electrolytic water splitting. We first introduce the mechanism of electrocatalytic water decomposition using a manganese-based electrocatalyst. We then thoroughly discuss the optimization strategy used to enhance the catalytic activity of manganese-based electrocatalysts, including doping and defect engineering, interface engineering, and phase engineering. Finally, we present several future design opportunities for highly efficient manganese-based electrocatalysts.
L. and
L., which belong to the family Papaveraceae, are used as ornamental and medicinal plants. The chloroplast genome has been used for molecular markers, evolutionary biology, and barcoding ...identification. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome sequences of
and
are reported. Results show that the complete chloroplast genomes of
and
have typical quadripartite structures, which are comprised of circular 152,905 and 152,799-bp-long molecules, respectively. A total of 130 genes were identified in each genome, including 85 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Sequence divergence analysis of four species from Papaveraceae indicated that the most divergent regions are found in the non-coding spacers with minimal differences among three
species. These differences include the
gene and intergenic regions, such as
,
,
,
, and
. These regions are hypervariable regions, which can be used as specific DNA barcodes. This finding suggested that the chloroplast genome could be used as a powerful tool to resolve the phylogenetic positions and relationships of Papaveraceae. These results offer valuable information for future research in the identification of
species and will benefit further investigations of these species.
PDF
