CONTEXT Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may interfere with calcium absorption through induction of hypochlorhydria but they also may reduce bone resorption through inhibition of osteoclastic vacuolar ...proton pumps. OBJECTIVE To determine the association between PPI therapy and risk of hip fracture. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS A nested case-control study was conducted using the General Practice Research Database (1987-2003), which contains information on patients in the United Kingdom. The study cohort consisted of users of PPI therapy and nonusers of acid suppression drugs who were older than 50 years. Cases included all patients with an incident hip fracture. Controls were selected using incidence density sampling, matched for sex, index date, year of birth, and both calendar period and duration of up-to-standard follow-up before the index date. For comparison purposes, a similar nested case-control analysis for histamine 2 receptor antagonists was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The risk of hip fractures associated with PPI use. RESULTS There were 13 556 hip fracture cases and 135 386 controls. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for hip fracture associated with more than 1 year of PPI therapy was 1.44 (95% confidence interval CI, 1.30-1.59). The risk of hip fracture was significantly increased among patients prescribed long-term high-dose PPIs (AOR, 2.65; 95% CI, 1.80-3.90; P<.001). The strength of the association increased with increasing duration of PPI therapy (AOR for 1 year, 1.22 95% CI, 1.15-1.30; 2 years, 1.41 95% CI, 1.28-1.56; 3 years, 1.54 95% CI, 1.37-1.73; and 4 years, 1.59 95% CI, 1.39-1.80; P<.001 for all comparisons). CONCLUSION Long-term PPI therapy, particularly at high doses, is associated with an increased risk of hip fracture.
Biofuel cells provide a versatile means to generate electrical power from environmentally friendly biomass or biofuels. Immobilization technology has played an important role in the design of biofuel ...cells. This review addresses recent advances in immobilization technology applied to assembling biofuel cells. After identifying the advantages and problems of biofuel cells, the immobilization technology, which offers a sustainable and effective solution for biofuel cell design, is thoroughly presented: (i) A brief introduction to immobilization methods, including adsorption, covalent binding and entrapment, is first presented. (ii) The immobilization structure and nanostructures are emphasized, which strongly influence mass and electron transfer, including zero, one, two, and three dimensional nanostructures are then discussed. (iii) The immobilization materials, which are considered as a critical factor in immobilization technology, including polymer, carbon, oxide and metallic nanomaterials, solgel based materials and particularly composite materials, are reviewed to conclude. The interesting issues related to the future of biofuel cell design are also highlighted, for example, the 3D electrode assembly using low dimensional structures as a future challenge, biofuel cells within logic systems as a new aspect, crystalline mesoporous carbon with high enzyme loading as a future desired material, and composite materials with multiple functions and structures as a hot area of work.
Importance of immobilization technology in new long lifetime and high current density biofuel cell design is thoroughly presented.
Quasi‐solid‐state crystallization was used to prepare zeolite TS‐1 catalysts with micro–meso–macroporous (MMM) structure (see picture) and improved stability. They show a well‐defined macroporous ...structure and an interconnected mesoporous network made of uniform zeolite TS‐1 nanocrystals. The hierarchical pore structure and high stability result in superior catalytic activity in the epoxidation of larger molecules such as 2,4,6‐trimethylstyrene.
While the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors has decreased in the United States in recent years, cardiovascular disparities by sex and race persist. Among the factors contributing to these ...disparities is the physical environment in which individuals live. Neighborhood characteristics, ranging from air pollution exposure to residential segregation, have been found to be related to cardiovascular health (CVH) and stroke risk. Through the use of cross‐sectional, longitudinal, and analytic regression modeling, we are gaining clarity about the relationship between an individual's external environment and CVH. Moreover, differences in CVH vary by sex and/or race within the same neighborhood. The mechanism by which these disparities exist is still being explored. In this review, we examine the literature that has accumulated regarding how external environments and community factors affect individuals and populations by race and sex.
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•An ultrafast method is developed to synthesize Cu2O octahedrons.•Highly dispersed Cu2O octahedrons inlaid in Ni Foam are obtained.•The sample displays superior catalytic activity in ...both alkaline water/seawater electrolytes.•The sample exhibits good catalytic durability and stability.
Development of bifunctional cost-effective and self-supporting electrocatalysts for high-performance water/seawater electrolysis are vital for emerging energy storage and conversion technologies. Herein, an ultrafast strategy is reported to synthesis homogeneous Cu2O octahedrons inlaid in Ni foam (oct_Cu2O-NF) via spontaneous replacement of Ni with Cu, followed by rapid oxidization of Cu in air. Benefiting from the high dispersion of uniform octahedral structure and strong interaction between Cu2O and Ni foam, oct_Cu2O-NF displayed a superior activity for both oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) as well as outstanding stability. After assembling oct_Cu2O-NF as bifunctional electrodes for alkaline seawater splitting, the electrolyzer exhibited a very small cell voltage of 1.71 V to reach 10 mA cm−2. This brand-new way of ultrafast synthesis for oct_Cu2O-NF experimentally confirms the feasibility of Cu-based nanomaterials for efficient water/seawater electrolysis.
AIM To evaluate the role of albumin at the time of ulcerative colitis(UC) diagnosis in predicting the clinical course of disease.METHODS Nationwide cohort of patients with newly diagnosed UC in the ...Veterans Affairs health care system was identified and divided into two categories: hypoalbuminemia(i.e.,≤ 3.5 gm/dl) or normal albumin levels(i.e.,> 3.5 gm/dl) at the time of UC diagnosis. The exposure of interest was presence of hypoalbuminemia defined asalbumin level ≤ 3.5 g/dl at the time of UC diagnosis. Patients were then followed over time to identify the use of ≥ 2 courses of corticosteroids(CS),thiopurines,anti-TNF medications and requirement of colectomy for UC management. RESULTS The eligible study cohort included 802 patients,but 92(11.4%) patients did not have their albumin levels checked at the time of UC diagnosis,and they were excluded. A total of 710 patients,who had albumin levels checked at time of UC diagnosis,were included in our study. Amongst them,536 patients had a normal albumin level and 174 patients had hypoalbuminemia. Patients with hypoalbuminemia at diagnosis had a higher likelihood of ≥ 2 courses of CS use(adjusted HR = 1.7,95%CI: 1.3-2.3),higher likelihood of thiopurine or anti-TNF use(adjusted HR = 1.72,95%CI: 1.23-2.40) than patients with normal albumin level at diagnosis. There was a trend of higher likelihood of colectomy in hypoalbuminemic patients,but it was not statistically significant(Adjusted HR = 1.7,95%CI: 0.90-3.25).CONCLUSION Hypoalbuminemia at disease diagnosis can serve as a prognostic marker to predict the clinical course of UC at the time of diagnosis.
d-π overlap, which represents overlap between metal-d and graphene-π orbitals to facilitate electron transfer, has rarely been reported. Ni/PtNi-G
2
exhibits exceptional performance in seawater ...hydrogen evolution due to the electron-rich surface on Pt resulting from enhanced d-π overlap and subsequent electron transfer from graphene and Ni to Pt.
d-π overlap, which represents overlap between metal-d and graphene-π orbitals to facilitate electron transfer, has rarely been reported.
Alloying platinum (Pt) with transition metals (M), as an established class of electrocatalysts, reduces the use of Pt and improves the electrocatalytic performance. However, the stability of ...transition metals in nanostructured platinum alloys is a fundamental and practical problem in electrocatalysis, due to leaching of transition metals under acidic operating condition. Here, a corrosion method has been developed for a Pt−Cu electrocatalyst with high activity (6.6 times that of commercial Pt/C) and excellent stability for the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) under acidic operating conditions. The mechanism of formation has been studied, and possible mesostructured re‐formation and atomic re‐organization have been proposed. This work offers an effective strategy for the facile synthesis of a highly acid‐stable PtM alloying and opens a door to high‐performance design for electrocatalysts.
Acid tested: An ultimate corrosion method to Pt−Cu electrocatalysts is presented that greatly promotes electrocatalytic activity and stability for methanol oxidation under acidic conditions. The formation mechanism has been investigated, and a mesostructured re‐formation and atomic re‐organization process is proposed. Our method could potentially be extended to the facile synthesis of highly acid stable Pt‐based alloys with excellent electrocatalytic performance.
The combination of hetero‐elemental doping and vacancy engineering will be developed as one of the most efficient strategies to design excellent electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction ...(HER). Herein, a novel strategy for N‐doping coupled with Co‐vacancies is demonstrated to precisely activate inert S atoms adjacent to Co‐vacancies and significantly improve charge transfer for CoS toward accelerating HER. In this strategy, N‐doping favors the presence of Co‐vacancies, due to greatly decreasing their formation energy. The as‐developed strategy realizes the upshift of S 3p orbitals followed by more overlapping between S 3py and H 1s orbitals, which results in the favorable hydrogen atom adsorption free energy change (ΔGH) to activate inert S atoms as newborn catalytical sites. Besides, this strategy synergistically decreases the bandgap of CoS, thereby achieving satisfactory electrical conductivity and low charge‐transfer resistance for the as‐obtained electrocatalysts. With an excellent HER activity of −89.0 mV at 10.0 mA cm−2 in alkaline environments, this work provides a new approach to unlocking inert sites and significantly improving charge transfer toward cobalt‐based materials for highly efficient HER.
A novel strategy for N‐doping coupled with Co‐vacancies is demonstrated to precisely activate inert S atoms adjacent to Co‐vacancies and significantly improve charge transfer for CoS toward accelerating HER. The upshift of the S 3p orbitals and more overlapping between the S 3py and H 1s orbitals are the key reasons for activating such S atoms. Besides, this strategy synergistically decreases the bandgap of CoS, thereby achieving efficient charge transfer during HER.
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