A method of photocatalytic process intensification, which can be easily used for efficient photoreactor design, inspired by the mechanism of natural photosynthesis was developed and the possible ...mechanism was proposed. Four model compounds (phenol, Cr(vi), acid orange 7 and p-nitrophenol) with different photocatalytic reaction mechanisms, and using a Kenics static mixer, were selected to perform experiments for validation. Experimental results showed that the static mixer can intensify the indirect radical-mediated mechanism reaction, but had no effect on the direct surface reaction mechanism reaction. Meanwhile, both the illuminated static mixer and dark static mixer had similar intensification effects. Herein, we propose that the role the static mixer played in heterogeneous photocatalysis is the creation of intense mixing and increasing the interfacial mass transfer, which resulted in the enhanced mobility of reactive radicals from the catalyst surface or boundary layer to solution, thus intensifying the whole photocatalytic efficiency. Furthermore, the proposed separation of the illumination part and the mixing part for photoreactor design allows for easier scale-up and engineering applications.
•‘‘Absorbility’’ was firstly proposed for CO2 separation performance evaluation.•The presence of PEG200 resulted in a better CO2 absorption behavior on thermodynamics.•30 wt% ChoGly + 10 wt% ...PEG200 + 60 wt% H2O is promising for CO2 separation.
Thermodynamic and kinetic properties of absorbents are beneficial in evaluating their CO2 separation performance. In this study, the kinetic properties of CO2 in a hybrid choline-glycine/polyethylene glycol/water absorbent, including the liquid-side mass-transfer coefficient, enhancement factor, and reaction rate constant, were systematically determined through experimental measurements and data processing. Furthermore, an index referred to as “absorbility” was proposed to combine the kinetic properties determined in this study with the thermodynamic properties obtained in our previous study to evaluate the CO2 separation performance. Additionally, the regeneration performance of the hybrid absorbent was also conducted. The results show that the performance of the hybrid absorbent (30 wt% ChoGly + 10 wt% PEG200 + 60 wt% H2O) is comparable to that of aqueous monoethanolamine, and is thus promising for CO2 separation, considering its low regeneration temperature and low environmental impact.
A novel metal-semiconductor nanocomposite with stable metal nanoparticles and efficient photocatalytic performance has been prepared. It consists of highly dispersed 62 nm platinum (Pt) nanoparticles ...loaded on mesoporous and bicrystalline TiO(2) fibers (Pt/mb-TiO(2)). Due to the well organized porous Pt/TiO(2) nanoarchitecture, rate of photodegradation of CHC1(3) was nearly doubled compared to both P25 and Pt/P25. And in photocatalytic production of H(2) (with methanol as an electron donor), Pt/mb-TiO(2) presented much more stable activity than Pt/P25. In a 20 h H(2) production, Pt nanoparticles on P25 agglomerated and grew remarkably from 2.0 c 0.5 nm to 4.5 c 2.5 nm, while Pt nanoparticles on mb-TiO(2) changed slightly from 2.0 c 0.5 nm to 2.2 c 0.5 nm. Moreover, the loss ratio of Pt on P25 is 36%, which is much larger than that of 7% on mb-TiO(2). The efficient charge transfer in the interfaces of Pt/TiO(2)(B) and TiO(2)(B)/anatase was discussed. We concluded that the high photocatalytic performance of Pt/mb-TiO(2) can be attributed to stable Pt nanoparticles supported on the mesoporous masonry frameworks of TiO(2) and efficient charge transfer in the interfaces.
Abstract
Genes that provide resistance to fungi and/or bacteria usually reduce plant growth and ultimately affect grain yield. Thus, crop breeding programs need to find genetic resources that balance ...disease resistance with growth. The receptor kinase FERONIA regulates cell growth and survival in Arabidopsis. Here, we investigate, in rice, the role of members of the FERONIA-like receptor (FLR) gene family in the balance between growth and the response to the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae (Pyricularia oryzae), which causes the most devastating disease in rice. We carried out genome-wide gene expression and functional screenings in rice via a gene knockout strategy, and we successfully knocked out 14 FLR genes in rice. Using these genetic resources, we found that mutations in the FLR2 and FLR11 genes provide resistance to rice blast without a profound growth penalty. Detailed analyses revealed that FLR2 mutation increased both defense-related gene expression and M. oryzae-triggered production of reactive oxygen species. Thus, our results highlight novel genetic tools for studying the underlying molecular mechanisms of enhancing disease resistance without growth penalty.
The FERONIA-like receptor (FLR) is essential for the response to Magnaporthe oryzae in rice, and mutations in FLR2 and FLR11 enhance resistance in the absence of significantly growth penalty.
This paper quantifies the theoretical limit of energy consumption for the removal of 20 representative organic contaminants (9 chlorinated alkyl hydrocarbons, 3 chlorinated alkenes, 3 brominated ...methanes, 5 aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives) in the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Priority Pollutant List by physical procedures. The general rules of the theoretical limit of energy consumption with different initial concentrations at 298.15
K and 1.01325
×
10
5
Pa by NRTL, UNIQUAC and Wilson models are obtained from the thermodynamic analysis with our previously established method based on the thermodynamic first and second law. The results show that the waste treatment process needs a high energy consumption and the theoretical limit of energy consumption for organic contaminant removal increases with decreasing initial concentrations in aqueous solutions. The theoretical limit of energy consumption decreases with the more C–H bonds being replaced by C–Cl or C–Br bonds in chlorinated methanes, ethanes, ethenes or brominated methanes except for 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, and the energy consumption for the removal of chlorinated methanes is higher than that of chlorinated ethanes with the same C–H bonds being replaced by C–Cl bonds. For the removal of chlorinated ethenes, brominated methanes and benzene and its derivatives studied, the energy consumption has corresponding relationship with solubility and the energy consumption is higher for the removal of organics with higher solubility.
Pre-parasitic second-stage juveniles (pre-J2s) of
Meloidogyne graminicola
are non-feeding in soil, and their migration, localization and successful invasion of host roots are essential for survival. ...Chemotaxis is thought to play a central role in host localization, but the mechanisms of chemotaxis are poorly understood. In this study, we cloned and evaluated the molecular characteristics and functions of four chemosensory genes, including
Mg-odr-3
,
Mg-odr-1
,
Mg-tax-4
, and
Mg-osm-9
. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT‒PCR) analysis revealed that
Mg-odr-3
and
Mg-osm-9
tended to be expressed in pre-J2s and parasitic J2s (par-J2s), while
Mg-odr-1
and
Mg-tax-4
were expressed in par-J2s, consistent with their functions during the host-seeking period and establishment of suitable feeding sites in root tips. Root signals from eight plant root extracts, namely, rice, barnyard grass (
Echinochloa crus-galli
), wheat, soybean, pepper, tomato, eggplant, and marigold, were repulsive to J2s of
M. graminicola
. Moreover, RNAi silencing of
Mg-odr-3
,
Mg-odr-1
,
Mg-tax-4
, and
Mg-osm-9
in J2s attenuated their repulsion to the rice root extract. Furthermore, we found that the response of J2s to root exudates was concentration-dependent, with high concentrations of root exudates repelling J2s. Silenced J2s also showed reduced repulsion in response to high concentrations of rice root exudates. Conversely,
M. graminicola
J2s were attracted to the root tips of the eight plants, while RNAi-J2s showed defective attraction to root tips. In conclusion, our results showed that chemosensory genes are crucial for the chemotactic host-seeking behaviour of
M. graminicola
.
The solubility of pure CO2, CH4, and N2 in the mixture of choline-2-pyrrolidine carboxylic acid (ChoPro) and polyethylene glycol (PEG200) (mass ratio = 1:2) was measured experimentally at ...temperatures from 308.15 to 338.15 K and pressures up to 28 bar, in which ChoPro is an ionic liquid and PEG200 is a cosolvent with the purpose to decrease the viscosity. It was found that ChoPro/PEG200 showed a good selectivity for CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 separation. The measured experimental data points from this work and others were further used to estimate the thermodynamic properties including the Henry’s law constants for the gases in ChoPro/PEG200, the equilibrium constant for the reaction between CO2 and ChoPro, the CO2 absorption enthalpy in ChoPro/PEG200, and so forth. The consistent results of the CO2 absorption enthalpy at infinite dilution prove the reliability of the thermodynamic properties obtained in this work. The thermodynamic properties of ChoPro/PEG200 were further compared with other three typical absorbents, and the absorption enthalpy is nearly half of that for 30 wt % MEA aqueous solution. At the same time, the theoretical amount of absorbents needed for ChoPro/PEG200 is much lower than that of H2O scrubbing. This shows that ChoPro/PEG200 is a promising absorbent.
In this paper, K2Ti2O5 single crystals, K2Ti4O9 whiskers and K2Ti6O13 whiskers are synthesized form the anatase-K2CO3 starting materials by the heating calcination and the corresponding morphologic ...and structural evolution of products are observed. After dissolving non-crystalline hydrosoluble products contained in sinters, the morphologic difference between the original sinter and the whiskers in it shows the sinter microstructure. The further analysis to crystal components in sinters and to the phase diagram proves that K2Ti4O9 whiskers are firstly formed in K2Ti2O5 crystals and there only exists the phase transformation from K2Ti4O9 whiskers with layered crystal structure to~K2Ti6O13 whiskers with tunnel crystal structure. The K2O-rich liquid melt generated from K2Ti2O5 crystals (/and K2Ti4O9 whiskers) coats on the surface of K2Ti4O9 whiskers (/and K2Ti6O13 whiskers), which makes the sinters taking on the layer-by-layer structure (/and the bunch structure). The formation and growth of whiskers is dictated by the K2O-rich non-crystalline hydrosoluble melt generated in phase transformations from solid to liquid-solid and its split effect induced by the orientation melting. A generalized “liquid melt inducing” mechanistic model explaining the formation and growth of potassium titanate whiskers was proposed.
Thermodynamic and kinetic properties of absorbents are beneficial in evaluating their CO2 separation performance. In this study, the kinetic properties of CO2 in a hybrid choline-glycine/polyethylene ...glycol/water absorbent, including the liquid-side mass-transfer coefficient, enhancement factor, and reaction rate constant, were systematically determined through experimental measurements and data processing. Furthermore, an index referred to as “absorbility” was proposed to combine the kinetic properties determined in this study with the thermodynamic properties obtained in our previous study to evaluate the CO2 separation performance. Additionally, the regeneration performance of the hybrid absorbent was also conducted. The results show that the performance of the hybrid absorbent (30 wt% ChoGly + 10 wt% PEG200 + 60 wt% H2O) is comparable to that of aqueous monoethanolamine, and is thus promising for CO2 separation, considering its low regeneration temperature and low environmental impact.
•Choline-proline aqueous has the highest value of reaction rate constant.•‘‘Absorption ability’’ (AA) was proposed on thermodynamic and kinetic properties.•Choline-serine aqueous has advantage on the ...values of AA and desorption enthalpy.
The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of CO2 in aqueous choline-amino acids (ChoAAs) are important information to demonstrate their performance. In this study, the apparent kinetic properties of CO2 in the five aqueous ChoAAs, including the liquid-side mass-transfer coefficients, enhancement factor, and reaction rate constant, were systematically studied. Furthermore, a new ‘‘absorption ability’’ (AA) index was proposed, combining the apparent kinetic properties determined in this study and thermodynamic properties determined in our previous study. The CO2 separation performance using aqueous ChoAAs was evaluated based on the AA and CO2 desorption enthalpy values. The results show that 30 wt% aqueous choline-serine is a promising absorbent for CO2 separation, and it is comparable to aqueous monoethanolamine.
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