Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disease that causes personal distress or social dysfunction, especially in childhood. The present study aimed to provide the prevalence, comorbidity, and ...predictors of OCD among children and adolescents.
This was a cross-sectional national project conducted on 29,858 children and adolescents using the multi-stage cluster random sampling in Iran. There were both genders in each cluster and three age groups (6–9, 10–14, and 15–18 years) within each cluster. The tools used in this research included a demographic questionnaire and K-SADS-PL. To analyze the data, logistic regression and cross-tab tests were used.
According to the results, the prevalence of OCD in children and adolescents was 3.1 in boys and 3.8 in girls. Also, gender, age, place of residence, and history of psychiatric hospitalization of parents could predict OCD. OCD had comorbidity with behavioral disorders (OR = 0.60, 95%CI: 0.39–0.92), elimination disorders (OR = 0.50, 95%CI: 0.30–0.83), mood disorders (OR = 2.92, 95%CI: 1.43–5.94), and smoking and alcohol disorders (OR = 4.33, 95%CI: 1.28-14.63).
In the development of the obsessive-compulsive disorder, other disorders and symptoms also environmental factors can play a role and are important. Based on our findings, given the prevalence rate of OCD was higher in the age groups of 10–14 and 15–18 years, are one of the most important stages of development for the prevention and treatment of mental disorders, especially OCD, clinical specialists can design appropriate clinical trials or modify existing interventions based on the results of such research.
ObjectivesCompare the safety of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on neurodevelopment of infants/children exposed in utero or during breast feeding.Design and settingSystematic review and Bayesian ...random-effects network meta-analysis (NMA). MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched until 27 April 2017. Screening, data abstraction and quality appraisal were completed in duplicate by independent reviewers.Participants29 cohort studies including 5100 infants/children.InterventionsMonotherapy and polytherapy AEDs including first-generation (carbamazepine, clobazam, clonazepam, ethosuximide, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, valproate) and newer-generation (gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, topiramate, vigabatrin) AEDs. Epileptic women who did not receive AEDs during pregnancy or breast feeding served as the control group.Primary and secondary outcome measuresCognitive developmental delay and autism/dyspraxia were primary outcomes. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, language delay, neonatal seizures, psychomotor developmental delay and social impairment were secondary outcomes.ResultsThe NMA on cognitive developmental delay (11 cohort studies, 933 children, 18 treatments) suggested that among all AEDs only valproate was statistically significantly associated with more children experiencing cognitive developmental delay compared with control (OR=7.40, 95% credible interval (CrI) 3.00 to 18.46). The NMA on autism (5 cohort studies, 2551 children, 12 treatments) suggested that oxcarbazepine (OR 13.51, CrI 1.28 to 221.40), valproate (OR 17.29, 95% CrI 2.40 to 217.60), lamotrigine (OR 8.88, CrI 1.28 to 112.00) and lamotrigine+valproate (OR 132.70, CrI 7.41 to 3851.00) were associated with significantly greater odds of developing autism compared with control. The NMA on psychomotor developmental delay (11 cohort studies, 1145 children, 18 treatments) found that valproate (OR 4.16, CrI 2.04 to 8.75) and carbamazepine+phenobarbital+valproate (OR 19.12, CrI 1.49 to 337.50) were associated with significantly greater odds of psychomotor delay compared with control.ConclusionsValproate alone or combined with another AED is associated with the greatest odds of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes compared with control. Oxcarbazepine and lamotrigine were associated with increased occurrence of autism. Counselling is advised for women considering pregnancy to tailor the safest regimen.Trial registration numberPROSPERO database (CRD42014008925).
Background/Objectives
To examine the comparative effectiveness and safety of cognitive enhancers for Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Design
Systematic review and Bayesian network metaanalysis (NMA).
...Setting
MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Ageline (inception–March 2016).
Participants
Individuals with AD in randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi‐RCTs, and nonrandomized studies.
Intervention
Any combination of donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, or memantine.
Measurements
Two reviewers independently screened titles, s, and full‐texts; ed data; and appraised risk of bias.
Results
Twenty thousand three hundred forty‐three citations were screened, and 142 studies were included (110 RCTs, 21 non‐RCTs, 11 cohort studies). NMA found that donepezil (Mini‐Mental State Examination: mean difference (MD) = 1.39, 95% credible interval (CrI) = 0.53–2.24), donepezil+memantine (2.59, 95% CrI = 0.12–4.98), and transdermal rivastigmine (2.02, 95% CrI = 0.02–4.08) improved cognition more than placebo. NMA found that donepezil (Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale–cognitive: MD = −3.29, 95% CrI = −4.57 to −1.99) and galantamine (MD = −2.13, 95% CrI = −3.91 to −0.27) improved cognition more than placebo. NMA found that donepezil+memantine (MD = −5.23, 95% CrI = −8.72 to −1.56) improved behavior more than placebo. NMA found that donepezil (MD = −0.32, 95% CrI = −0.46 to −0.19), donepezil+memantine (MD = −0.57, 95% CrI = −0.95 to −0.21), oral rivastigmine (MD = −0.38, 95% CrI = −0.56 to −0.17), and galantamine (MD = −3.79, 95% CrI = −6.98 to −0.59) improved global status more than placebo. NMA found that galantamine decreased the odds of mortality (odds ratio = 0.56, 95% CrI = 0.36–0.87). No agent increased risk of serious adverse events, falls, or bradycardia. Some increased risk of headache (oral rivastigmine), diarrhea (oral rivastigmine, donepezil), nausea (oral rivastigmine, donepezil, galantamine), and vomiting (oral rivastigmine, donepezil, galantamine).
Conclusion
An exhaustive review of the literature involving 142 studies demonstrated that cognitive enhancers in general have minimal effects on cognition according to minimal clinically important difference and global ratings. The drugs appear safe, but this must be interpreted cautiously because trial participants may have less comorbidity and fewer adverse effects than those treated with these drugs in clinical practice.
We conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) to examine the efficacy and completion rates of treatments for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). While a previous review found ...newer, short-duration regimens to be effective, several included studies did not confirm LTBI, and analyses did not account for variable follow-up or assess completion.
We searched MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, PubMed, and additional sources to identify RCTs in patients with confirmed LTBI that involved a regimen of interest and reported on efficacy or completion. Regimens of interest included isoniazid (INH) with rifapentine once weekly for 12 weeks (INH/RPT-3), 6 and 9 months of daily INH (INH-6; INH-9), 3-4 months daily INH plus rifampicin (INH/RFMP 3-4), and 4 months daily rifampicin alone (RFMP-4). NMAs were performed to compare regimens for both endpoints.
Sixteen RCTs (n = 44,149) and 14 RCTs (n = 44,128) were included in analyses of efficacy and completion. Studies were published between 1968 and 2015, and there was diversity in patient age and comorbidities. All regimens of interest except INH-9 showed significant benefits in preventing active TB compared to placebo. Comparisons between active regimens did not reveal significant differences. While definitions of regimen completion varied across studies, regimens of 3-4 months were associated with a greater likelihood of adequate completion.
Most of the active regimens showed an ability to reduce the risk of active TB relative to no treatment, however important differences between active regimens were not found. Shorter rifamycin-based regimens may offer comparable benefits to longer INH regimens. Regimens of 3-4 months duration are more likely to be completed than longer regimens.
In recent years, Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are attracting a lot of interest in the research community. Increased lifetime and treatment costs have affected cost-effective health management ...solutions. A location-based routing protocol is becoming significant for WBANs especially because of energy consumption and lifetime. Therefore, location-based routing requires the correct location information, which reduce energy consumption. We propose a hybrid routing algorithm based on genetic algorithm and fuzzy logic in the WBANs. The main proposed algorithm is reduced energy. Results of the simulation depicted that the fuzzy logic algorithm has a significant impact on reducing the error rate. In the next phase, when the genetic algorithm is combined with fuzzy logic, the results show that the network lifetime is increased. In other words, the proposed protocol using fuzzy logic and genetic algorithm for improved performance in error rate and management of energy and network lifetime.
In the present study, binary nanocomposites were prepared by hydrothermal growth of titanium dioxide nanosheets (TNs) on different amounts (5, 10, and 15 mg) of monolayer graphene oxide (TNs/rGO(x)). ...Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles with various Cd/Ti molar ratios (0.35, 0.70, 1.40) were impregnated on the TNs/rGO(x) samples by the hydrothermal procedure. The formation of anatase phase for TNs, reduction of graphene oxide, and synthesis of CdS nanoparticles were proved by powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Raman analyses. The photoluminescence (PL) and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) analyses showed that the simultaneous presence of rGO and CdS in the synthesized samples decreased the electron-hole recombination and extended the spectral response of TNs to the visible light region. The highest obtained percentage removal of tetracycline (TC) (as a pharmaceutical pollutant model) was 84% under 180 min of visible light irradiation in the presence of the CdS-TNs/rGO(5) sample. Active species scavenging tests showed that O2•- was major active species in the removal process. In addition, the application of artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) in modeling the removal of tetracycline (TC) was evaluated in this study. The experimental results confirmed that the integration between adsorption and photocatalysis processes leads to a significant impact on the removal of TC.
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•Visible-light driven photocatalysts were fabricated using hydrothermal method.•TiO2 nanosheets (TNs) and CdS semiconductor were synthesized on graphene layer.•The synthesized samples applied to treat tetracycline (TC) wastewater.•The percentage removal of TC was obtained 84% under visible light irradiation.•The removal process was modeled using two strong intelligence tools.
A mild and efficient method was developed for the synthesis of new derivatives of thiazolo3,2-a pyrimidin-3(2H)-ones from available starting materials based on the oxidation of catechols to ...ortho-quinone by Myceliophthora thermophila laccase (Novozym 51,003) and 1,4-addition of active methylene carbon to these in situ generated intermediates in moderate to good yields (35-93%). The structure of the products was confirmed through
H NMR,
C NMR, HMBC, HSQC, DEPT-135, and mass spectroscopy techniques. These novel compounds were evaluated as active antitumor agents against human colorectal adenocarcinoma and liver adenocarcinoma cell lines. All compounds displayed potent inhibition activities against the HT-29 cell line with IC
values of 9.8-35.9 µM, superior to the positive control doxorubicin, and most showed potent anticancer activities against the HepG2 cell line.
Background
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of synthetic organic chlorine compounds known as an organic pollutant in food sources, which play important roles in malignancies. The present ...study aimed to investigate the direct effects of prevalent PCBs in food in hormone-responsive and non-responsive cell lines.
Methods
In the current study, MCF-7, LNCap, and MDA-MB231 cell lines were treated with serial concentrations (0.001–100 μM) of PCBs for 48 h and cell viability assessment was performed using MTT assay. The best concentration then applied and the expression level of
PON1
was evaluated using real-time PCR. Besides, molecular docking was performed to determine the binding mechanism and predicted binding energies of PBCs compounds to the AhR receptor.
Results
Unlike MCF-7 and LNCap cells, the viability of MDA-MB231 cells did not significantly change by different concentrations of PCBs. Meanwhile, quantitative gene expression analysis showed that the
PON1
was significantly more expressed in MCF-7 and LNCap lines treated with PCB28 and PCB101. However, the expression level of this gene in other groups and also MDA-MB231cells did not demonstrate any significantly change. Also, the results of molecular docking showed that PBCs had steric interaction with AhR receptor.
Conclusions
Current results showed that despite of hormone non-responsive cells the PCBs have a significant positive effect on hormone-responsive cell. Therefore, and regarding to the existence of PCBs contamination in food there should be serious concern about their impact on the prevalence of different malignancies which certainly should result in a standard limit for this material.
Graphical abstract
This study aimed to investigate the direct effects of prevalent PCBs in food in hormone-responsive and non-responsive cell lines. Cell lines were treated with serial concentrations of PCBs and cell viability assessment was performed using MTT assay. The expression level of
PON1
was evaluated using real-time PCR. Molecular docking was performed to determine the binding mechanism and predicted binding energies of PBCs compounds to the AhR receptor. PCBs contamination in food there should be serious concern about their impact on the prevalence of different malignancies which certainly should result in a standard limit for this material.
Background. Back pain is a common problem and a major cause of disability and health care utilization. Purpose. To evaluate the efficacy, harms, and costs of the most common CAM treatments ...(acupuncture, massage, spinal manipulation, and mobilization) for neck/low-back pain. Data Sources. Records without language restriction from various databases up to February 2010. Data Extraction. The efficacy outcomes of interest were pain intensity and disability. Data Synthesis. Reports of 147 randomized trials and 5 nonrandomized studies were included. CAM treatments were more effective in reducing pain and disability compared to no treatment, physical therapy (exercise and/or electrotherapy) or usual care immediately or at short-term follow-up. Trials that applied sham-acupuncture tended towards statistically nonsignificant results. In several studies, acupuncture caused bleeding on the site of application, and manipulation and massage caused pain episodes of mild and transient nature. Conclusions. CAM treatments were significantly more efficacious than no treatment, placebo, physical therapy, or usual care in reducing pain immediately or at short-term after treatment. CAM therapies did not significantly reduce disability compared to sham. None of the CAM treatments was shown systematically as superior to one another. More efforts are needed to improve the conduct and reporting of studies of CAM treatments.
In this work, we focused on facile preparation of ternary nanocomposites containing TiO
nanosheets, reduced graphene oxide, and different quantities of silver for photocatalytic treatment of ...tetracycline (TC) antibiotic wastewater. Plasmonic silver nanoparticles were deposited on TiO
nanosheets/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite via a photodeposition method (TGA(x) samples). The as-obtained samples were identified by variety of techniques such as XRD, UV-Vis DRS, FESEM/EDX, TEM, and Raman spectroscopy. The photocatalytic degradation experiments of TC (in concentration of 30 mg/L) were carried out by synthesized nanocomposites, and the degradation efficiency of TGA (0.076) (the optimal sample) was evaluated as 52.56% after 3 hr of irradiation under visible light. The obtained results showed that in TGA(x) samples, the reduced graphene oxide acts as a bridge for transferring photoinduced electrons from plasmonic silver nanoparticles to TiO
nanosheetes. A three-layered artificial neural network model with four input variables (irradiation time, catalyst dosage, initial concentration of TC, and silver nitrate content) and one output variable (% degradation) was optimized with 11 hidden neurons. The relative importance of the independent variables was calculated using Garson formula and the initial concentration of TC was found as the most influencing parameter (relative importance of 31%) on the treatment efficiency. PRACTITIONER POINTS: TiO
nanosheets synthesized on the reduced graphene oxide by hydrothermal method. Plasmonic silver nanoparticles deposited on TNs/rGO by photodeposition method The photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline (TC) was modeled by artificial neural network.
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