This study aims to provide a systematic review of existing research on the use of digital game-based learning (DGBL) technology for foreign language (English) in preschool and elementary schools. ...Digital game-based technology enables learning to become more interactive and inspirational, thereby enhancing language acquisition. The authors present a DGBL classification schema with four main components, design principles, language content, pedagogical factors, and feedback mechanisms, as guidelines for designing and implementing DGBL in foreign language learning. This survey classifies and filters 110 published articles from January 2010 to April 2022 based on the proposed DGBL schema adhering to the insertion and omission criteria, from which 50 studies focus on preschool and primary school students between the ages of 2 and 10 years. The findings indicate that DGBL influences motivation, creativity, and problem-solving ability. However, the synthesized literature also reveals challenges and issues in designing and developing DGBL systems based on novel technologies. The findings are fundamental for exploring the game classification schema for designing and implementing game-based learning to augment the trends of DBGL in foreign language learning and identify the possible issues and solutions for DGBL to lessen health concerns and technology challenges. The authors recommend emerging technologies and software engineering processes as possible solutions for continuity in DGBL research by enlightening the significance of evolving technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, deep learning, AR/VR, and DevOps.
Anticancer drug resistance is a significant impediment in current cancer treatment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from cancer cells were recently acknowledged as a critical mechanism of drug ...resistance, tumor progression, and metastasis. EVs are enveloped vesicles comprising a lipid bilayer that transfers various cargo, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and metabolites, from an originating cell to a recipient cell. Investigating the mechanisms whereby EVs confer drug resistance is still in the early stages. In this review, I analyze the roles of EVs derived from triple-negative breast cancer cells (TNBC-EVs) in anticancer drug resistance and discuss strategies to overcome TNBC-EV-mediated drug resistance.
The present study attempts to evaluate the accessibility of government and public agency healthcare Web sites in Korea through user testing. The study recruited blind (24 participants) and ...second-level sight-impaired people (1 participant), and evaluated ten healthcare Web sites of Korean government and public institutions. These Web sites revealed problems across four principles of accessibility, i.e., perceivable, operable, understandable, and robust. First, according to principle 1, perceivable, the main errors occurred in providing adequate alternate texts and clear instructions. Second, five errors were predominant with regard to principle 2, operable. These are keyboard operation errors, focus order errors, bypass blocks errors, page title errors, and the lack of appropriate link text. Third, with respect to principle 3, understandable, most problems were found in user responses, content sequence, tables, and labels. Finally, based on principle 4, robust, problems regarded markup correctness and Web application accessibility. The problems identified in the study can be simply resolved; however, similar accessibility issues have recurred. Therefore, future research needs to investigate whether government and public agencies or their Web developers are aware of the importance of accessibility.
Studies show that visualisation while reading has a positive impact on both LI and L2 reader's comprehension of a text and that visualisation improves LI learners' writing, but there are no studies ...relating to whether visualisation may help L2 learners' writing. Using visualisation as a learning strategy, this paper reports on how visualisation training might affect a group of Chinese intermediate EFL learners' narrative writing. Quantitative data from the pre-test and post-test did not show statistical significance, but the analysis of the qualitative data from learners' written reflections indicated a positive correlation between the use of visualisation and engagement with narrative writing and higher levels of classroom enthusiasm and participation. This study highlights the need for further work to differentiate the most effective aspects of visualisation training for enhancing the quality of narrative writing. It also suggests potential for the integration of visualisation into different writing development curricula and to promote the role of visualisation in the wider process of second or foreign language learning. Keywords Visualisation, EFL learners, narrative writing, learning strategy
Biodiesel is an important alternative fuel as far as sustainability and environmental issues are concerned. The decarboxylation of bioderived fatty acids is receiving great attention for green diesel ...production, with resulting C1-shortened alkanes among the diesel-range alkanes typically existing in petroleum diesel. Alkane-containing green diesel possesses significant advantages including high caloric value, irreversibility of the production reaction and the existence in liquid form up to C17 alkanes. The decarboxylation approach has a significant potential in taking a central role in transformation of bioderived fatty acids into green diesel. In the present review, it aims at discussing the progress on both chemo- and bio-catalytic decarboxylation reactions and the pros and cons of their application for green fuel synthesis. Particularly, the mild biocatalytic decarboxylation reactions so far have not been included in reviews focusing on green diesel production.
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•Decarboxylation for converting bioderived fatty acids into green diesel.•Both chemical catalysts and enzymes explored for bio-alkanes production.•Decarboxylation approach shows superiority to trans-esterification.•Green diesel production via decarboxylation has high potential and less harmful environmental effects.
This is a 5 years multicentre database study that recruited subjects from the Malaysian Ministry of Health Cataract Surgery Registry (MOH CSR), aimed to determine risk factors that affect cataract ...surgery visual outcome and evaluates post-cataract surgery vision. All age-related cataract surgeries with primary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation were included. Cases with secondary cataract, previous ocular surgeries and incomplete data were excluded. A total of 131425 cases were included in the study. Amongst all types of cataract surgery, 92.9% attained post-operative best-corrected visual acuity better than 6/18 and the outcome improved to 97.1% when ocular comorbidities were excluded. Factors with Odds Ratio (OR) >1.5 associated with an impaired visual outcome included: elderly patients of 80 years old and above; systemic disease such as renal failure; ocular co-morbidities; pre-operative vision worse than 6/60; general anaesthesia, retrobulbar anaesthesia or subconjunctival anaesthesia; extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE), intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE), anterior chamber intraocular lens (ACIOL) implantation or combined cataract surgery; the presence of intra- and post-operative complications. In conclusion, a good visual outcome was achieved after cataract surgery in most cases. This large multicentre study provides information about risk factors for poor visual outcome post-cataract surgery and may serve as a basis for evidence-based guidelines.
1,3‐Dipolar cycloaddition of α‐fluoro‐α,β‐unsaturated arylketones and azomethine ylides has been experimentally and theoretically investigated. The reaction proceeded in a diastereodivergent fashion: ...in contrast to our previous results where exo‐adducts were obtained under Cu(II) catalysis, herein we have achieved the endo‐selective 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition using Ag(I) catalyst. Theoretical DFT calculations have been performed to understand the origin of diastereoselectivity switch, possible mechanism, and geometrical features of organometallic intermediates of both catalytic processes. The free‐energy profiles suggested that the Michael addition step is the rate determining step, and the coordination between silver atom and carbonyl oxygen atom of enone is the driving force behind endo‐selectivity.
Achieving control over the diastereoselectivity of 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions to obtain maximum number of diastereomers under simple operation is an enduring challenge. In this work, the diastereodivergent 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of α‐fluoro‐α,β‐unsaturated arylketones and azomethine ylides was studied experimentally and theoretically. The reaction produced pyrrolidines (endo‐ and exo‐adducts under Ag(I) and Cu(II) catalysis respectively) with four contiguous stereogenic centers bearing a fluorinated quaternary stereogenic center at C4.
Topology optimization of vehicle rear suspension mechanisms Kim, Suh In; Kang, Seok Won; Yi, Yong‐Sub ...
International journal for numerical methods in engineering,
24 February 2018, 2018-02-24, 20180224, Volume:
113, Issue:
8
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Summary
As suspensions critically affect the ride and handling performance of vehicles, considerable efforts have been made to improve their design by an optimization method. In this paper, we ...propose a topology optimization–based method for suspension synthesis by using a 3‐dimensional model constructed with nonlinear bars and zero‐length springs that discretize the 3‐dimensional space between the chassis frame and a vehicle wheel. For optimization, bar cross‐sections and spring stiffness values are used as design variables alongside the nodal positions of bar elements as shape optimization variables to simultaneously optimize the topology and shape. To verify the proposed approach, 2 types of design problems were solved: recovering known suspension mechanisms for a given set of wheel trajectories and synthesizing unknown suspension mechanisms that satisfy several design constraints typically used in the automobile industry. Through these examples, possibilities to design new and advanced suspensions by the proposed optimization method are clearly demonstrated.
1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides and electron deficient alkenes is widely studied for rapid installation of pyrrolidine frameworks. Despite significant advances, the major limitations ...of this process are creating chiral pyrrolidines bearing a quaternary stereogenic center and controlling the diastereoselectivity. Herein, we present an exo-selective asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to access chiral pyrrolidines with four contiguous stereogenic centers, including a fluorinated quaternary stereogenic center at C4, wherein a Cu(OAc)2/(S)-tol-BINAP catalyst and α-fluoro-α,β-unsaturated arylketone dipolarophiles are used. Epimerization promoted by 5.0 equiv of DBU at 90 °C results in the formation of chiral 4-fluoropyrrolidines (exo′) while maintaining the optical purity.
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