The purpose of this study was to explore theory of mind (ToM) differences in children with different birth orders (only-children, first-born children, and second-born children), and further explore ...the effect of cognitive verb training for only-children's ToM. Adopting the paradigm of false belief, Study 1 was conducted in which a sample of 120 children aged 3-6, including first-born children, second-born children (siblings aged 1-13 years), and only-children were tested. The results showed that (1) children aged 3-6 had significantly higher scores on first-order false-belief than second-order false-belief. (2) Controlling for age, the only-children scored significantly lower than the first-born children. In Study 2, 28 only-children aged 4-5 (13 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group) who initially failed in false-belief tasks were trained with the cognitive verb animations. Significant post-training improvements were observed for only-children who received training of animations embedded with cognitive verb. Those findings indicated that ToM of only-children was significantly worse than first-born children of two-child families, and linguistic training could facilitate ToM of only-children whose ToM were at a disadvantage.
Three experiments were conducted to test whether watching an animated show with frequent fantastical events decreased Chinese preschoolers' post-viewing executive function (EF), and to test possible ...mechanisms of this effect. In all three experiments, children were randomly assigned to watch a video with either frequent or infrequent fantastical events; their EF was immediately assessed after viewing, using behavioral measures of working memory, sustained attention, and cognitive flexibility. Parents completed a questionnaire to assess preschoolers' hyperactivity level as a potential confounding variable. In Experiment 1 (
= 90), which also included a control group, there was an immediate negative effect of watching frequent fantastical events, as seen in lower scores on the behavioral EF tasks. In Experiment 2 (
= 20), eye tracking data showed more but shorter eye fixations in the high frequency group, suggesting a higher demand on cognitive resources; this group also did more poorly on behavioral measures of EF. In Experiment 3 (
= 20), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data showed that the high frequency group had a higher concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin (Coxy-Hb), an indicator of higher brain activation consistent with a greater use of cognitive resources; this group also had lower scores on the behavioral EF tasks. The findings are discussed in reference to models of limited cognitive resources.
How educational media can support learning is a growing concern. This study examined the impact of age (4-year-olds vs. 6-year-olds) and informants (human vs. animal puppet vs. anthropomorphic ...language animal puppet) on children’s animal knowledge learning and anthropomorphic generalization. A total of 210 children aged 4 and 6 participated. Children learned equally well from each of the three types of informants. Six-year-olds learned more than did 4-year-olds and were also more curious to learn more about the animal after watching the videos. Four-year-olds were more likely to generalize anthropomorphic traits in animals than were older children. Finally, 4-year-olds in the animal puppet group showed a significantly higher preference for the informant than did 4-year-olds in the human and anthropomorphic language animal puppet groups. Overall, the findings showed that watching animal educational videos can promote children’s acquisition of animal knowledge and that children learn equally well from human and puppet informants. Additionally, younger children may enjoy learning from non-anthropomorphic language animal puppets more than from humans and anthropomorphic language animal puppets, but there are no significant differences in their learning.
•This paper looks at children's animal knowledge learning from human and puppet informants.•Children learned equally well from different informants.•Watching the anthropomorphic language video appeared to hinder children's generalization of anthropomorphic traits.•There were no differences in children’s learning despite differences in subjective liking toward informants.
Cartoon images have been widely applied in children’s educational media. The study examined the effect of cartoon images in touchscreen media on young children’s recognition of time. With a 2 (clock ...type: cartoon clock, non-cartoon clock) × 2 (media type: touchscreen, video) between-subjects design, ninety-two children aged 4–6 were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions. Each group was exposed for 10 min to the media designed to teach children how to tell the time. We examined children’s learning to tell time by pre- and post-test clock tests. Results showed that: (1) In the condition of the cartoon clock, children in the touchscreen groups got significantly higher total clock learning scores than the video groups; (2) In the condition of touchscreen, children in the cartoon groups got significantly higher total clock learning scores than non-cartoon groups. Findings suggest that touchscreen interaction is more beneficial for children to learn to tell time than watching videos, and when using educational apps for touchscreen learning, cartoon images have a positive effect on children’s learning to tell time. However, cartoon images have no effect on children’s learning to tell time through videos.
Near-infrared-visible (NIR-VIS) heterogeneous face recognition matches NIR to corresponding VIS face images. However, due to the sensing gap, NIR images often lose some identity information so that ...the NIR-VIS recognition issue is more difficult than conventional VIS face recognition. Recently, NIR-VIS heterogeneous face recognition has attracted considerable attention in the computer vision community because of its convenience and adaptability in practical applications. Various deep learning-based methods have been proposed and substantially increased the recognition performance, but the lack of NIR-VIS training samples leads to the difficulty of the model training process. In this paper, we propose a new
L
a
rge-Scale
M
ulti-
P
ose
H
igh-
Q
uality NIR-VIS database ‘
LAMP
-
H
Q
’ containing 56,788 NIR and 16,828 VIS images of 573 subjects with large diversities in pose, illumination, attribute, scene and accessory. We furnish a benchmark along with the protocol for NIR-VIS face recognition via generation on LAMP-HQ, including Pixel2-Pixel, CycleGAN, ADFL, PCFH, and PACH. Furthermore, we propose a novel exemplar-based variational spectral attention network to produce high-fidelity VIS images from NIR data. A spectral conditional attention module is introduced to reduce the domain gap between NIR and VIS data and then improve the performance of NIR-VIS heterogeneous face recognition on various databases including the LAMP-HQ.
The influence of simple thermo-mechanical processing such as cold rolling and subsequent annealing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the single phase Al0·25CoCrFeNi high-entropy ...alloy is systematically investigated. Experimental results obtained from ten different processing parameters indicate that the microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloy can be comprehensively tuned in a wide range. The grain size can be reduced from hundreds of micrometer size to several tens micrometer size, and the yield and tensile strength can be enhanced from 173 MPa to 425 MPa–1050 MPa and 1160 MPa, respectively, while the alloy still owns large tensile ductility above 10%. Based on detailed microstructure analysis, the strength mechanism is shown to be related with both the refined grain size, nanoscale precipitation in the grain boundaries and recrystallized grains. This research shows that with simple multistep cold rolling and annealing, the mechanical properties of face-centered-cubic single phase high-entropy alloy can be highly tailored for different engineering applications.
•Tailor strength of Al0·25CoCrFeNi HEA via multistep cold rolling and annealing.•Entirely different phase transformation results from the two types of heat treatment.•Grain refinement & nano precipitates result in good strength-ductility combination.
Expectation values of geometric structure parameters
δ
(
r
)
,
δ
(
r
12
)
,
1
r
,
r
,
r
2
,
1
r
12
,
r
12
,
r
12
2
,
r
<
,
r
>
,
cos
θ
12
,
θ
12
for ground state, singlet and triplet singly excited
1
...n
2
s
1
,
3
S
e
,
1
s
n
p
1
,
3
P
o
states with
n
up to 5 of helium were calculated in detail with Hylleraas-
B
-spline basis. Our results of
δ
(
r
)
and
δ
(
r
12
)
for helium ground state have 14 and 6 significant digits, respectively, and have at least 9 significant digits for other parameters. Expectation values of
δ
(
r
)
,
1
r
,
1
r
12
have at least 9 significant digits and expectation values of
r
<
,
r
>
reach 8 significant digits for singly excited
S
and
P
states. Expectation values of
cos
θ
12
,
θ
12
are in coincidence with data in the previous work. Our results from independent calculation with Hylleraas-
B
-spline method are in good agreement with the previous works.
Graphic abstract
Abstract
High toughness cementitious composite (HTCC) with high cracking resistance, high extensibility and high durability is widely applied in the field of civil engineering infrastructure, but in ...extreme environments such as elevated temperatures/fire due to the volatilization of organic fiber vulnerable to HTCC burst and mechanical performance degradation, structural damage and security problem. In this paper, the research status of post-high temperature mechanical properties is deeply analyzed. On this basis, suggestions for the optimization design of mechanical properties of HTCC to elevated temperature are put forward to provide technical support for the engineering application of this material.
•Supercritical carbon dioxide and cellulase to utilize cellulose subregions.•Amorphous regions of cellulose were enzymatically hydrolysed into reducing sugar.•Crystalline regions of cellulose were ...converted to nanocellulose.•The smallest effective diameter of nanocellulose almost was approximately 5 nm.•The nanocellulose was of good uniformity and stability.
Cellulose is the most abundant renewable resource on earth, and its economic utilization has long been a hot research topic. To address these challenges, based on the coexistence of crystalline and amorphous structures within cellulose, we coupled supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) and cellulase to utilize cellulose subregions. This approach is taken into consideration from the structure of cellulose. Cellulose amorphous regions were enzymatically hydrolysed into reducing sugar, and crystalline regions were converted to nanocellulose, representing efficient use of available raw material. This nanocellulose exhibited different properties with these derived from the traditional method. The smallest effective diameter almost was approximately 5nm, suggesting good uniformity and stability of the nanocellulose. Cellulose characterization results showed that the coupled method exposed more free hydroxyl groups which enhanced the accessibility between the cellulose and substrate, and the stability of nanocellulose. The established process was tested on cotton linters and similar results were obtained.
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