The urban heat island (UHI) effect is becoming more of a concern with the accelerated process of urbanization. However, few studies have examined the effect of urban form on land surface temperature ...(LST) especially from an urban planning perspective. This paper used spatial regression model to investigate the effects of both land use composition and urban form on LST in Wuhan City, China, based on the regulatory planning management unit. Landsat ETM+ image data was used to estimate LST. Land use composition was calculated by impervious surface area proportion, vegetated area proportion, and water proportion, while urban form indicators included sky view factor (SVF), building density, and floor area ratio (FAR). We first tested for spatial autocorrelation of urban LST, which confirmed that a traditional regression method would be invalid. A spatial error model (SEM) was chosen because its parameters were better than a spatial lag model (SLM). The results showed that urban form metrics should be the focus for mitigation efforts of UHI effects. In addition, analysis of the relationship between urban form and UHI effect based on the regulatory planning management unit was helpful for promoting corresponding UHI effect mitigation rules in practice. Finally, the spatial regression model was recommended to be an appropriate method for dealing with problems related to the urban thermal environment. Results suggested that the impact of urbanization on the UHI effect can be mitigated not only by balancing various land use types, but also by optimizing urban form, which is even more effective. This research expands the scientific understanding of effects of urban form on UHI by explicitly analyzing indicators closely related to urban detailed planning at the level of regulatory planning management unit. In addition, it may provide important insights and effective regulation measures for urban planners to mitigate future UHI effects.
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•Building density is a key indicator in mitigating UHI effect.•Spatial regression is a promising method for dealing with problems related to the urban thermal environment.•Regulatory planning management unit was recommended for analyzing the relationships between urban form and the UHI effect.•Attention should be paid to the influence of urban form on UHI effect in urban planning.
Redundancy allocations strategies are commonly used in reliability engineering to enhance the performance of reliability systems. This paper makes use the hierarchical copula to characterize the ...dependence structures among the components and hot/cold standbys in series systems. Optimal allocation policies of hot and cold standbys are presented for series systems with dependent components and redundancies under certain conditions imposed on the hierarchical copula as well as the components and spares reliabilities. It is shown that, under certain mild conditions imposed on the copula function and lifetimes of components and redundancies, the optimal allocations should be following the way that the resultant lifetimes for all nodes should be balanced as much as possible to enhance the system's performance. The results extend some related ones well‐known in the literature from the independent case to the dependent setting. Some numerical examples are presented as illustrations. We also present a real application in optimal allocations of redundant wires for improving the reliability of high‐voltage electricity transmission network systems.
A
bstract
The future muon collider can play as an ideal machine to search for new physics at high energies. In this work, we study the search potential of the heavy Higgs triplet in the Type II ...Seesaw mechanism at muon colliders with high collision energy and high luminosity. The latest neutrino oscillation data are taken into account for realizing the leptonic decay modes of the charged Higgs bosons (
H
±±
, H
±
) in the Type II Seesaw. We show the impact of neutrino mass and mixing parameters on the purely leptonic decays. The pair production of doubly charged Higgs
H
++
H
−−
is through direct
μ
+
μ
−
annihilation and vector boson fusion (VBF) processes at muon collider. The associated production
H
±±
H
∓
can only be induced by VBF processes. We simulate both the purely leptonic and bosonic signal channels of charged Higgs bosons in Type II Seesaw, together with the Standard Model backgrounds. We show the required luminosity for the discovery of the charged Higgses and the reachable limits on the leptonic decay branching fractions.
A
bstract
High-energy muon collider can play as an emitter of electroweak gauge bosons and thus leads to substantial vector boson scattering (VBS) processes. In this work, we investigate the ...production of heavy neutral lepton (HNL)
N
and lepton number violation (LNV) signature through VBS at high-energy muon colliders. VBS induces LNV processes
W
±
Z/γ
→
ℓ
±
N
→
ℓ
±
ℓ
±
W
∓
→
ℓ
±
ℓ
±
q
q
¯
′
with an on-shell HNL
N
at
μ
+
μ
−
colliders. In analogy to neutrinoless double-beta decay with the HNL in t-channel, the LNV signature
W
+
W
+
→
ℓ
+
ℓ
+
can also happen via VBS at same-sign muon collider. They provide clean and robust LNV signatures to tell the nature of Majorana HNLs and thus have more advantageous benefits than direct
μμ
annihilation. We analyze the potential of searching for Majorana HNL and obtain the exclusion limits on mixing
V
ℓN
. Based on this same-sign lepton signature, we also obtain the sensitivity of muon collider to the Weinberg operator.
Any observation of charged lepton flavor violation (CLFV) implies the existence of new physics beyond the SM in charged lepton sector. CLFV interactions may also contribute to the muon magnetic ...moment and explain the discrepancy between the SM prediction and the recent muon
g
-
2
precision measurement at Fermilab. We consider the most general SM gauge invariant Lagrangian of
Δ
L
=
0
bileptons with CLFV couplings and investigate the interplay of low-energy precision experiments and colliders in light of the muon magnetic moment anomaly. We go beyond previous work by demonstrating the sensitivity of the LHC, the MACE experiment, a proposed muonium-antimuonium conversion experiment, and a muon collider. Currently-available LHC data is already able to probe unexplored parameter space via the CLFV process
p
p
→
γ
∗
/
Z
∗
→
ℓ
1
±
ℓ
1
±
ℓ
2
∓
ℓ
2
∓
.
Addressing the high false‐positive rate of conventional low‐dose computed tomography (LDCT) for lung cancer diagnosis, the efficacy of incorporating blood‐based noninvasive testing for assisting ...practicing clinician's decision making in diagnosis of pulmonary nodules (PNs) is investigated. In this prospective observative study, next generation sequencing‐ (NGS‐) based cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) mutation profiling, NGS‐based cfDNA methylation profiling, and blood‐based protein cancer biomarker testing are performed for patients with PNs, who are diagnosed as high‐risk patients through LDCT and subsequently undergo surgical resections, with tissue sections pathologically examined and classified. Using pathological classification as the gold standard, statistical and machine learning methods are used to select molecular markers associated with tissue's malignant classification based on a 98‐patient discovery cohort (28 benign and 70 malignant), and to construct an integrative multianalytical model for tissue malignancy prediction. Predictive models based on individual testing platforms have shown varying levels of performance, while their final integrative model produces an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.85. The model's performance is further confirmed on a 29‐patient independent validation cohort (14 benign and 15 malignant, with power > 0.90), reproducing AUC of 0.86, which translates to an overall sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 85.7%.
An integrative multianalytical machine learning model based on patient clinical features, cfDNA mutation, cfDNA methylation, and protein cancer biomarkers for noninvasive cancer diagnosis of lung pulmonary nodules has achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.85 on a 98‐patient discovery cohort, and 0.86 on a 29‐patient independent validation cohort, translating to 80% sensitivity and 85.7% specificity.
High levels circulating saturated fatty acids are associated with diabetes, obesity and hyperlipidemia. In heart, the accumulation of saturated fatty acids has been determined to play a role in the ...development of heart failure and diabetic cardiomyopathy. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) has been reported to possess key atheroprotective biological properties, including cellular cholesterol efflux capacity, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the underlying mechanisms are still largely unknown. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to test whether HDL could protect palmitic acid (PA)-induced cardiomyocyte injury and explore the possible mechanisms.
H9c2 cells were pretreated with HDL (50-100 μg/ml) for 2 h followed by PA (0.5 mM) for indicated time period. Our results showed that HDL inhibited PA-induced cell death in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, HDL rescued PA-induced ROS generation and the phosphorylation of JNK which in turn activated NF-κB-mediated inflammatory proteins expressions. We also found that PA impaired the balance of BCL
family proteins, destabilized mitochondrial membrane potential, and triggered subsequent cytochrome c release into the cytosol and activation of caspase 3. These detrimental effects were ameliorated by HDL treatment.
PA-induced ROS accumulation and results in cardiomyocyte apoptosis and inflammation. However, HDL attenuated PA-induced lipotoxicity and oxidative dysfunction via ROS suppression. These results may provide insight into a possible molecular mechanism underlying HDL suppression of the free fatty acid-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
Liquefaction-induced lateral spreading is a main cause of pile failure during earthquakes because it places considerable soil pressure on piles. The lateral spreading pressure originates not only ...from liquefied soil but also from nonliquefied soil when it overlays a liquefied soil layer. In this study, we develop a practical lateral spreading pressure model for pseudostatic analysis to analyze pile response in inclined liquefied ground. The model comprises two parts. First, using a laminar flow model, the lateral spreading pressure of liquefied soil is modeled as the equivalent fluid flowing pressure. The coefficient of viscosity of the liquefied soil is constructed on the basis of shaking table tests in the literature. The normalized lateral spreading pressure depends on the liquefied soil thickness-to-pile diameter ratio. Second, for nonliquefied soil, individual p–y curves for uphill and downhill soils are used to simulate their distinctive soil reaction mechanisms. The uphill soil is subjected to lateral spreading soil displacement, whereas the downhill soil is subjected to pile displacement. This approach can elucidate the net soil reactions of the downhill and uphill soils that vary depending on pile stiffness. The proposed model is validated through simulations involving 1-g shaking table tests, centrifuge tests, and case histories reported in the literature.
•Lateral spreading pressure of liquefied soil is modeled as equivalent fluid flowing pressure based on a laminar flow model.•The normalized lateral spreading pressure depends on the liquefied soil thickness-to-pile diameter ratio.•P–y curves of uphill and downhill nonliquefied soils are used to simulate their distinctive soil reaction mechanisms.•The stiff pile sustains larger lateral spreading pressure because of larger soil reactions from the uphill soil.
Understanding how landscape pattern determines population or ecosystem dynamics is crucial for managing our landscapes. Urban areas are becoming increasingly dominant social-ecological systems, so it ...is important to understand patterns of urbanization. Most studies of urban landscape pattern examine land-use maps in two dimensions because the acquisition of 3-dimensional information is difficult. We used Brista software based on Quickbird images and aerial photos to interpret the height of buildings, thus incorporating a 3-dimensional approach. We estimated the feasibility and accuracy of this approach. A total of 164,345 buildings in the Liaoning central urban agglomeration of China, which included seven cities, were measured. Twelve landscape metrics were proposed or chosen to describe the urban landscape patterns in 2- and 3-dimensional scales. The ecological and social meaning of landscape metrics were analyzed with multiple correlation analysis. The results showed that classification accuracy compared with field surveys was 87.6%, which means this method for interpreting building height was acceptable. The metrics effectively reflected the urban architecture in relation to number of buildings, area, height, 3-D shape and diversity aspects. We were able to describe the urban characteristics of each city with these metrics. The metrics also captured ecological and social meanings. The proposed landscape metrics provided a new method for urban landscape analysis in three dimensions.
•Tested the approach of 3-dimension buildings information interpretation with high-resolution satellite imagery.•Landscape metrics were proposed to describe the urban buildings pattern in 2- and 3-dimensional scales.•The ecological and social meanings of landscape metrics were analyzed.
Cisplatin resistance is a major clinical problem in the clinical management of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. Resveratrol is a natural phytoestrogen with antitumor activities. Whether ...resveratrol can overcome cisplatin resistance and prevent metastasis in OSCC cells is not known. In this study, we first examined the anti‐metastatic capacity of resveratrol and then explored the underlying mechanisms using a cisplatin‐resistant human OSCC cell line (CAR). The results demonstrated that at a non‐toxic dose range (25 to 75 µM), 24‐hr treatment of resveratrol was able to suppress the migration and invasion capacities of CAR cells dose dependently. Interestingly, 50 µM resveratrol treatment could significantly down‐regulate the expression of the phosphorylated forms of ERK and p‐38, in addition to those of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9. At the same time, the expression levels of phosphorylated ERK together with those unphosphorylated forms of ERK, p38, and JNK were all insignificantly altered. In conclusion, the signaling cascade for resveratrol's suppression of cisplatin‐resistant human oral cancer CAR cells was revealed and summarized. Also the rapid effectiveness in suppressing metastatic behaviors of drug‐resistant oral cancer cells of non‐toxic resveratrol might extend its application to the drug‐resistant oral cancer treatment in the near future.
Practical applications
Based on the evidence we provided in the study, we have proposed a model recording the possible pathway for resveratrol inhibiting the metastasis of cisplatin‐resistant oral cancer cells. We suppose this signaling pathway may work in other cancer cell lines, and can be helpful in full understanding of the drug‐resistance
The current study provides the drug reposition evidence for resveratrol can inhibit the metastasis behaviors of cisplatin‐resistant oral cancer cells. This novel application is beneficial in not only clinical therapy for the oral cancer patients but also in translational medical science achievements.
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