State estimation is a key element in today's power systems for reliable system operation and control. State estimation collects information from a large number of meter measurements and analyzes it ...in a centralized manner at the control center. Existing state estimation approaches were traditionally assumed to be able to tolerate and detect random bad measurements. They were, however, recently shown to be vulnerable to intentional false data injection attacks. This paper fully develops the concept of load redistribution (LR) attacks, a special type of false data injection attacks, and analyzes their damage to power system operation in different time steps with different attacking resource limitations. Based on damaging effect analysis, we differentiate two attacking goals from the adversary's perspective, i.e., immediate attacking goal and delayed attacking goal. For the immediate attacking goal, this paper identifies the most damaging LR attack through a max-min attacker-defender model. Then, the criterion of determining effective protection strategies is explained. The effectiveness of the proposed model is tested on a 14-bus system. To the author's best knowledge, this is the first work of its kind, which quantitatively analyzes the damage of the false data injection attacks to power system operation and security. Our analysis hence provides an in-depth insight on effective attack prevention with limited protection resource budget.
Cyber security is becoming an area of growing concern in the electric power industry with the development of smart grid. False data injection attack, which is against state estimation through SCADA ...network, has recently attracted wide research interests. This paper further develops the concept of load redistribution (LR) attack, a special type of false data injection attack. The damage of LR attacks to power system operations can manifest in an immediate or a delayed fashion. For the immediate attacking goal, we show in this paper that the most damaging attack can be identified through a max-min attacker-defender model. Benders decomposition within a restart framework is used to solve the bilevel immediate LR attack problem with a moderate computational effort. Its effectiveness has been validated by the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT)-based method solution in our previous work. For the delayed attacking goal, we propose a trilevel model to identify the most damaging attack and transform the model into an equivalent single-level mixed-integer problem for final solution. In summary, this paper enables quantitative analysis of the damage of LR attacks to power system operations and security, and hence provides an in-depth insight on effective attack prevention when resource budgets are limited. A 14-bus system is used to test the correctness of the proposed model and algorithm.
The field of neuropsychiatry is considered a middle ground between neurological and psychiatric disorders, thereby bridging the conventional boundaries between matter and mind, consciousness, and ...function. Neuropsychiatry aims to evaluate and treat cognitive, behavioral, and emotional disorders in individuals with neurological conditions. However, the pathophysiology of these disorders is not yet fully understood, and objective biological indicators for these conditions are currently lacking. Treatment options are also limited due to the blood-brain barrier, which results in poor treatment effects. Additionally, many drugs, particularly antipsychotic drugs, have adverse reactions, which make them difficult to tolerate for patients. As a result, patients often abandon treatment owing to these adverse reactions. Since the discovery of exosomes in 1983, they have been extensively studied in various diseases owing to their potential as nanocellulators for information exchange between cells. Because exosomes can freely travel between the center and periphery, brain-derived exosomes can reflect the state of the brain, which has considerable advantages in diagnosis and treatment. In addition, administration of engineered exosomes can improve therapeutic efficacy, allow lesion targeting, ensure drug stability, and prevent systemic adverse effects. Therefore, this article reviews the source and biological function of exosomes, relationship between exosomes and the blood-brain barrier, relationship between exosomes and the pathological mechanism of neuropsychiatric disorders, exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, and application of engineered exosomes in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Background Through an analysis of the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), we explored the signal strength of adverse reactions (ADRs) related to myopathy caused by ...the combination of colchicine and statins and gained insight into the characteristics of these myopathy related ADRs. Methods We extracted data from the FAERS database about ADRs in individuals with myopathy resulting from the combination of colchicine and statins. The analysis was conducted for the period spanning from January 2004 to December 2023 using the reported odds ratio (ROR) and information component (IC) methods to assess muscle-related ADR signals. Results A total of 18,386 reports of statin myopathy-associated adverse reactions, 348 colchicine myopathy-associated adverse reactions, and 461 muscle-associated adverse reactions due to the combination of the two were collected; the strongest signals of statin myotoxicity events were for necrotizing myositis (ROR 50.47, 95% CL 41.74–61.01; IC 3.70 95% CL 3.25–4.08); the strongest signal for colchicine myotoxicity events was toxic myopathy (ROR 32.50, 95% CL 19.74–53.51; IC 4.97 95% CL 1.89–5.10), and the strongest signal for statins combined with colchicine was toxic myopathy (ROR 159.85, 95% CL 111.60–228.98; IC 7.22 95% CL 3.59–5.9); muscle-related adverse reactions signals were meaningful when the two drugs were combined in the order of colchicine combined with fluvastatin (ROR 187.38, 95% CL 96.68–363.17; IC 6.99 95% CL 1.65–5.68); colchicine combined with simvastatin in 135 cases (ROR 30.08. 95% CL 25.25–35.85; IC 4.80 95% CL 3.96–5.12); and colchicine combined with rosuvastatin (ROR 25.73, 95% CL 20.16–32.83; IC 4.59 95% CL 3.38–4.98) versus colchicine combined with atorvastatin (ROR 25.73, 95% CL 22.33–29.66; IC 4.59 95% CL 3.97–4.91) with almost identical signal intensity, followed by colchicine combined with pravastatin (ROR 13.67, 95% CL 9.17–20.37; IC 3.73 95% CL 1.87–4.47), whereas no signals were generated for lovastatin or pitavastatin. Conclusion Similar ADRs can occur when colchicine and statins are used individually or in combination; however, the strength of these reactions may differ. To minimize the risk of drug interactions, statins with less potential interactions, such as lovastatin, pitavastatin, and pravastatin, should be chosen, and myopathy-related indices and symptoms should be closely monitored during use.
The role of the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of depression has been explored in numerous studies, which have confirmed that the baseline gut microbial profiles of patients with depression ...differ from those of healthy individuals. The gut microbiome affects metabolic activity in the immune and central nervous systems and regulates intestinal ecology through the neuroendocrine system. Additionally, baseline changes in the gut microbiota differed among patients with depression who demonstrated varying treatment response. Currently, probiotics are an emerging treatment for depression; however, the efficacy of modulating the gut microbiota in the treatment of depression remains uncertain. Additionally, the mechanisms by which changes in the gut microbiota affect treatment response in patients with depression remain unclear. In this review, we aimed to summarize the differences in the baseline gut microbiota between the remission and non-remission groups after antidepressant therapy. Additionally, we summarized the possible mechanisms that may contribute to antidepressant resistance through the effects of the gut microbiome on the immune and nervous systems, various enzymes, bioaccumulation, and blood–brain barrier, and provide a basis for treating depression by targeting the gut microbiota.
Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is a crucial predictor of lymph node metastasis (LNM). However, few studies have investigated the LVI positivity rate and its clinical significance in pT1b esophageal ...squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) using immunohistochemistry and elastin staining.
We collected data from158 patients with pT1b ESCC who had undergone radical esophagectomy. All paraffin blocks of invasive carcinoma from each patient were subjected to HE staining, elastin staining + CK (AE1/AE3) immunohistochemistry (E&IHC), and CD31/D2-40 + CK (AE1/AE3) double immunohistochemistry (D-IHC). The LVI was classified into types, i.e., vascular invasion (VI) and lymphatic vessel invasion (LI), and its location, quantity, and clinical significance were explored.
The positivity rates of VI by E&IHC (E-VI), VI by CD31D-IHC (CD31-VI), and LI by D2-40 D-IHC (D2-40-LI) were significantly higher than those obtained by HE staining (P < 0.001, respectively). CD31-VI and E-VI were independent adverse prognostic factors for recurrence-free survival (RFS), and they were significantly associated with poor distant metastasis-free survival and overall survival in pT1b ESCC. Intratumoral LVI was also crucial in pT1b ESCC, and L2 (the count of D2-40-LI was 5 or more) was the strongest predictor for LNM and RFS in pT1b ESCC.
E&IHC and D-IHC can dramatically improve the detection rate of LVI in pT1b ESCC, and the classification and grading of LVI can help to improve the prediction of LNM and prognosis.
Purpose
The aim of this study was to examine the association between periconceptional folic acid (FA) supplementation and risk of preterm birth.
Methods
We conducted a retrospective cohort study in ...women aged 18–49 who participated in the NFPHEP from 2010 to 2018, and had a singleton livebirth in 129 counties in southwest China. Participants were divided into four groups according to the time period starting FA use: no use, after the last menstrual period, at least 1–2 months before the last menstrual period, at least 3 months before the last menstrual period. The outcomes were preterm birth (gestation < 37 weeks) and early preterm birth (gestation < 34 weeks).
Results
201,477 women were included and 191,809 (95.2%) had taken FA during periconception. Compared with women who did not take FA, women who started taking FA 1–2 months before their last menstrual period had a 15% lower risk of preterm birth (aOR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.79–0.92), and women who started taking FA at least 3 months before their last menstrual period had a 20% lower risk of preterm birth (aOR = 0.80, 95% CI 0.75–0.87), but women who started taking FA after their last menstrual period did not appear to reduce the risk of preterm birth.
Conclusions
In this study of 200,000 Chinese women, periconceptional supplementation with FA was associated with a lower risk of preterm birth. Women who started taking FA at least 3 months before their last menstrual period were more likely to reduce the risk of preterm birth.
Abstract
Background
Globally, the prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age is about 29.4%, and anemia impacts about 40% of pregnant women and more than 20% of non-pregnant women. We ...conducted a longitudinal observational study of anemia in pregnant and non-pregnant women, and analyzed the association between the prevalence of anemia and sociodemographic characteristics of women in southwest China.
Methods
This study was a longitudinal observational study which involved 640,672 women aged 18–49 years from 129 counties in southwest China. Data were from databases of National Free Preconception Health Examination Project (NFPHEP) and electronic medical records of local hospitals. We adjusted the diagnostic thresholds of anemia for altitude. The prevalence of anemia was expressed in percentages and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The association between the prevalence of anemia and sociodemographic characteristics of pregnant and non-pregnant women were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression method, expressed in crude odds ratio (cOR), adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95%CI.
Results
Of the 640,672 participants, 121,254 women suffered from anemia, with the prevalence of 18.9% (95%CI: 18.8–19.0%). From 2014 to 2018, the prevalence of anemia declines from 23.0–16.4%.The prevalence was 21.6% in the first trimester, higher than women in non-pregnancy (17.4%) and women in the third trimester (10.5%). Results from the multivariable logistic regression showed that women aged 18–20 (aOR = 1.28) or over 35 years old (aOR = 1.07), being farmers (aOR = 1.42), being ethnic minorities (aOR: 1.19 ~ 1.73), during the first trimester (aOR = 1.32) were more likely to be anemic.
Conclusions
Although the anemia prevalence of women of reproductive age has been decreasing in recent years, the prevalence of anemia is still high in pregnant and non-pregnant women in southwest China, especially during the first trimester. Women who were older or younger, being farmers, being ethnic minorities were at high risk of anemia. Anemia in women of reproductive age cannot be neglected.
Third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are highly effective against tumors harboring the T790M mutation. However, patients treated with these ...inhibitors ultimately develop resistance, and the most common mechanism is the emergence of the EGFR C797S mutation. Few treatment regimens have been reported for this condition. In this report, we present a successful combination treatment with the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) inhibitor sintilimab, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy, and chemotherapy with pemetrexed and cisplatin in a patient with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who developed acquired resistance with EGFR 19 exon deletion (19Del)/T790M/ cis- C797S mutation following progression with ametinib therapy. This regimen was well tolerated, and the patient has remained progression-free for 15 months. Our case provides clinical evidence that the combination of PD-1 inhibitor, anti-VEGF therapy, and chemotherapy may be an efficacious therapeutic strategy for NSCLC patients with acquired EGFR 19Del/T790M/ cis- C797S mutation resistance following progression with EGFR TKI therapy.
2D materials, such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus, layered double hydroxides, and MXene, have exhibited broad application prospects in electrochemical energy ...conversion due to their unique structures and electronic properties. Recently, the engineering of heterostructures based on 2D materials, including 2D/0D, 2D/1D, 2D/2D, and 2D/3D, has shown the potential to produce synergistic and heterointerface effects, overcoming the inherent restrictions of 2D materials and thus elevating the electrocatalytic performance to the next level. In this review, recent studies are systematically summarized on heterostructures based on 2D materials for advanced electrochemical energy conversion, including water splitting, CO2 reduction reaction, N2 reduction reaction, etc. Additionally, preparation methods are introduced and novel properties of various types of heterostructures based on 2D materials are discussed. Furthermore, the reaction principles and intrinsic mechanisms behind the excellent performance of these heterostructures are evaluated. Finally, insights are provided into the challenges and perspectives regarding the future engineering of heterostructures based on 2D materials for further advancements in electrochemical energy conversion.
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