Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells are a subset of T cells that promote the inflammatory responses of lymphoid and myeloid lineages, and are especially vital to the initial inflammatory and immune responses. ...Given the capability to connect crux inflammations of adaptive and innate immunity, γδ T cells are responsive to multiple molecular cues and can acquire the capacity to induce various cytokines, such as GM-CSF, IL-4, IL-17, IL-21, IL-22, and IFN-γ. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms responsible for γδ T cell proinflammatory functions remain poorly understood, particularly in the context of the central nervous system (CNS) diseases. CNS disease, usually leading to irreversible cognitive and physical disability, is becoming a worldwide public health problem. Here, we offer a review of the neuro-inflammatory and immune functions of γδ T cells, intending to understand their roles in CNS diseases, which may be crucial for the development of novel clinical applications.
Neocortical excitatory neurons migrate radially along the glial fibers of mother radial glial progenitors (RGPs) in a birth-date-dependent inside-out manner. However, the precise functional ...significance of this well-established orderly neuronal migration remains largely unclear. Here, we show that strong electrical synapses selectively form between RGPs and their newborn progeny and between sister excitatory neurons in ontogenetic radial clones at the embryonic stage. Interestingly, the preferential electrical coupling between sister excitatory neurons, but not that between RGP and newborn progeny, is eliminated in mice lacking REELIN or upon clonal depletion of DISABLED-1, which compromises the inside-out radial neuronal migration pattern in the developing neocortex. Moreover, increased levels of Ephrin-A ligand or receptor that laterally disperse sister excitatory neurons also disrupt preferential electrical coupling between radially aligned sister excitatory neurons. These results suggest that RGP-guided inside-out radial neuronal migration facilitates the initial assembly of lineage-dependent precise columnar microcircuits in the neocortex.
•Radial glial progenitors form strong electrical synapses with their progeny•Sister excitatory neurons form electrical synapses at embryonic stages•Inside-out radial migration is required for sister excitatory neuron coupling•Lateral dispersion of sister excitatory neurons disrupts their coupling
He et al. show that electrical synapses preferentially form between progenitor and newborn progeny, and between sister excitatory neurons, in the embryonic neocortex. Moreover, disruption of the birth-date-dependent inside-out radial migration impairs preferential electrical coupling between sister excitatory neurons.
With the advent of second-generation sequencing, the expression of gene transcripts can be digitally measured with high accuracy. The purpose of this study was to systematically profile the ...expression of both mRNA and miRNA genes in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) using massively parallel sequencing technology.
The expression of mRNAs and miRNAs were analyzed in tumor tissues and matched normal adjacent tissues obtained from 10 ccRCC patients without distant metastases. In a prevalence screen, some of the most interesting results were validated in a large cohort of ccRCC patients.
A total of 404 miRNAs and 9,799 mRNAs were detected to be differentially expressed in the 10 ccRCC patients. We also identified 56 novel miRNA candidates in at least two samples. In addition to confirming that canonical cancer genes and miRNAs (including VEGFA, DUSP9 and ERBB4; miR-210, miR-184 and miR-206) play pivotal roles in ccRCC development, promising novel candidates (such as PNCK and miR-122) without previous annotation in ccRCC carcinogenesis were also discovered in this study. Pathways controlling cell fates (e.g., cell cycle and apoptosis pathways) and cell communication (e.g., focal adhesion and ECM-receptor interaction) were found to be significantly more likely to be disrupted in ccRCC. Additionally, the results of the prevalence screen revealed that the expression of a miRNA gene cluster located on Xq27.3 was consistently downregulated in at least 76.7% of ∼50 ccRCC patients.
Our study provided a two-dimensional map of the mRNA and miRNA expression profiles of ccRCC using deep sequencing technology. Our results indicate that the phenotypic status of ccRCC is characterized by a loss of normal renal function, downregulation of metabolic genes, and upregulation of many signal transduction genes in key pathways. Furthermore, it can be concluded that downregulation of miRNA genes clustered on Xq27.3 is associated with ccRCC.
Glioblastomas are lethal cancers characterized by florid angiogenesis promoted in part by glioma stem cells (GSCs). Because hypoxia regulates angiogenesis, we examined hypoxic responses in GSCs. We ...now demonstrate that hypoxia-inducible factor HIF2α and multiple HIF-regulated genes are preferentially expressed in GSCs in comparison to non-stem tumor cells and normal neural progenitors. In tumor specimens, HIF2α colocalizes with cancer stem cell markers. Targeting HIFs in GSCs inhibits self-renewal, proliferation, and survival in vitro, and attenuates tumor initiation potential of GSCs in vivo. Analysis of a molecular database reveals that
HIF2A expression correlates with poor glioma patient survival. Our results demonstrate that GSCs differentially respond to hypoxia with distinct HIF induction patterns, and HIF2α might represent a promising target for antiglioblastoma therapies.
Novel acoustic absorbers were fabricated by the compression and microperforation of the porous metal, which aimed to develop practical acoustic absorbers for the noise reduction. Sound absorbing ...coefficients of the five investigated acoustic absorbers were measured by the AWA6128A detector according to the standing wave method, and their trends were consistent with normal sound absorption principle of the porous metal absorber and that of the microperforated panel absorber. The results proved that with same length of the cavity, sound absorption performance could be obviously improved by the compression and microperforation. When length of the cavity was 20 mm, average sound absorbing coefficient of the compressed and microperforated porous metal panel absorber in frequency range 100–6000 Hz reached 59.69%, which was superior to that 25.70% of original porous metal absorber and that 31.49% of the microperforated spring steel panel absorber. In the constructed semi-empirical model, a fourth-order polynomial function was treated as the coupling function to express the superposition absorption effect, and its veracity and reliability was validated by two replication experiments. Micromorphology of the compressed and microperforated porous metal panel provided the intuitive explanations to the improvement of its sound absorption performance.
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•Novel acoustic absorber was developed for better sound absorption by compression and microperforation of porous metal.•The compressed and microperforated porous metal panel absorber could achieve better sound absorbing coefficient.•The constructed semi-empirical model was validated to achieve optimal acoustic absorber by two replication experiments.•Micromorphology of the proposed acoustic absorber gave intuitive explanations for its sound absorption performance.
Stem cell-derived exosomes have recently been regarded as potential drugs for treating spinal cord injury (SCI) by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and suppressing M1 macrophage polarization. ...However, the roles of ROS and exosomes in the process of M1 macrophage polarization are not known. Herein, we demonstrated that ROS can induce M1 macrophage polarization and have a concentration-dependent effect. ROS can induce M1 macrophage polarization through the MAPK-NFκB P65 signaling pathway. Dental pulp stem cell (DPSC)-derived exosomes can reduce macrophage M1 polarization through the ROS-MAPK-NFκB P65 signaling pathway in treating SCI. This study suggested that DPSC-derived exosomes might be a potential drug for treating SCI. Disruption of the cycle between ROS and M1 macrophage polarization might also be a potential effective treatment by reducing secondary damage.
The present work explored how operators’ cognitive characteristics (spatial ability, verbal/imagery cognitive style) and the format of additional spatial information (numerical or graphic) provided ...to operators influence the performance of cross-aiming teleoperation based on a simulated robotic arm. It was found that both mental rotation ability and perspective-taking ability significantly affected the efficiency and reliability of the cross-aiming teleoperation. Individuals with an imagery cognitive style felt more satisfied with their own teleoperation performance, and experienced less temporal demand and frustration than those with verbal cognitive style. It was also found that for both verbal and imagery participants, matching the format of additional spatial information with their cognitive styles can improve their safety performance during teleoperation without affecting their workload. Conversely, for the imagery participants, the mismatch could not improve teleoperation performance but increased their workload. This suggests that the cognitive fit theory should be modified to incorporate cognitive style.
•Spatial ability significantly affected the efficiency and reliability of the cross-aiming teleoperation.•In teleoperation, Imagery individuals felt more satisfied, less temporal demand, less frustrated than verbal individuals.•In teleoperation, the match of additional information format and cognitive style improved safety without affecting workload.•For the imagery participants, the mismatch can not improve teleoperation performance but increased their workload.
Aiming at the problem that the measured accuracy of the electric field intensity which is affected by the coupling interference by sensor output signal from the component of a three dimensional ...electric field, the causes of the coupling error was analyzed, and a decoupled calibration method based on support vector regression algorithm for three-dimensional electric field sensor is proposed. The solution of the decoupled calibration matrix was regarded as a multi-objective optimization process, and the optimal decoupling calibration matrix was obtained by the ν-SVR algorithm. The complex inverse calculation of the matrix was avoided, and the calculation error was reduced. A rotary calibration device was designed to accurately measure the angle between the induction electrode of the sensor and the electric-field vector, and an accurate calculation model of the theoretical electric field was established. The experimental results showed that the error between the calculated and theoretical values of the electric-field components obtained by the proposed method were smaller than those obtained by the traditional inverse matrix calibration method, the accuracy of the calibration was improved, the rationality of the calibration method was proven, and the accuracy of the three-dimensional electric-field intensity measurements was further improved.
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