With the integration of advanced computing and communication technologies, smart grid is considered as the next-generation power system, which promises self healing, resilience, sustainability, and ...efficiency to the energy critical infrastructure. The smart grid innovation brings enormous challenges and initiatives across both industry and academia, in which the security issue emerges to be a critical concern. In this paper, we present a survey of recent security advances in smart grid, by a data driven approach. Compared with existing related works, our survey is centered around the security vulnerabilities and solutions within the entire lifecycle of smart grid data, which are systematically decomposed into four sequential stages: 1) data generation; 2) data acquisition; 3) data storage; and 4) data processing. Moreover, we further review the security analytics in smart grid, which employs data analytics to ensure smart grid security. Finally, an effort to shed light on potential future research concludes this paper.
Ammonia borane (AB), having a high hydrogen density of 19.6 wt %, has attracted much attention as a promising chemical hydrogen storage material. In the past few years, a number of highly active ...metal nanoparticle (NP) catalysts, which are easy to handle and separate, have been developed for AB dehydrogenation. In this Perspective, we summarize new progress in the development of metal NP catalysts, which are categorized into monometallic and heterometallic catalysts, with excellent activity and high recyclability for different AB dehydrogenation pathways, including solvolysis (hydrolysis and methanolysis) in protic solvents and dehydrocoupling in nonprotic solvents, and we survey the corresponding methods for the regeneration of AB. Moreover, the merits and drawbacks of solvolysis and dehydrocoupling are discussed.
Organic molecular cage (CC3-R) with intrinsically porous skeleton is used as a support for immobilizing Rh nanoparticles (NPs) in an ultrasmall size of ∼1.1 nm for the first time. The CC3-R with the ...unique characteristic of high solubility can be utilized to homogenize the heterogeneous catalyst in solution. The obtained homogenized heterogeneous catalyst Rh/CC3-R-homo exhibits significantly enhanced catalytic performance toward various liquid-phase catalytic reactions, as compared with the heterogeneous counterpart Rh/CC3-R-hetero. Moreover, Rh/CC3-R-homo shows excellent durability and recyclability. The advantage of combining homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts is likely to be beneficial for many applications.
A key challenge for enabling machine-to-machine (M2M) communications in long-term evolution (LTE) networks is the intolerably low access efficiency in the presence of massive access requests. To ...address this issue, a new analytical framework is proposed in this paper to optimize the random access performance of the M2M communications in LTE networks. Specifically, a novel double-queue model is established, which can both incorporate the queueing behavior of each machine-type device (MTD) and be scalable in the massive access scenarios. To evaluate the access efficiency, the network throughput is further characterized, and optimized by properly choosing the backoff parameters including the access class barring (ACB) factor and the uniform backoff (UB) window size. The analysis reveals that the maximum network throughput is solely determined by the number of preambles, and can be achieved by either tuning the ACB factor or the UB window size based on statistical information such as the traffic input rate of each MTD. Simulation results corroborate that with the optimal tuning of backoff parameters, the network throughput can remain at the highest level regardless of how many MTDs in the network, and is robust against feedback errors of the traffic input rate and burstiness of data arrivals.
Cultural differences in sport have been studied according to the perspective of “culture of inter-normative differences”. Taking the promotion of traditional sports in tourism as an example, the aim ...is to strengthen the protection and development of athletes who do not know the culture and arts, and to provide theoretical advice to support the development of sports. It was found that the symbols of cultural spaces, sports and tourism products of ethno-cultural combination appeared in four areas: space-temporality, presence, openness and drama. National cultural and artistic leadership and tourism cooperation together are making a difference in the development of the “cultural zone”. Creating a cultural landscape that integrates national culture, sports culture, and tourism services in a unified and symbiotic way will promote the transition from the formation of social leadership trends to individual leadership knowledge and beliefs, and finally to the realization of social development. national sports culture. Those. The combination of national cultural sports and tourism products, and the construction of the epidemic cultural landscape is a process of digging up the traditional culture of a nation to the public and creating tourism products that tourists can use and experience. In this case, it is planned to create a cultural zone for the integration and symbiosis of ethnic culture, sports and tourism services.
The national and regional basketball professional league is a complex system that multiple organizations and industries influence. Its development is restricted and influenced by many factors. The ...basketball profession in ethnic areas is studied. The goal is to explore the correlation between each factor and its strength using PESTEL analysis and statistics. It is found that the potential and core strength of reserve talents, first-line players, coaches, and other talents are important conditions for their development at the micro level. The management system, business operation, and the professionalization of referees in the league are major factors affecting the league’s development. At the larger level, politics, economics, and culture are secondary factors. There are some obvious problems with sports development in the minority areas of China.
Key points
Motor units, comprising a motor neuron and the muscle fibre it innervates, are activated in an orderly fashion to provide varying amounts of force.
A unilateral C2 spinal hemisection ...(C2SH) disrupts predominant excitatory input from medulla, causing cessation of inspiratory‐related diaphragm muscle activity, whereas higher force, non‐ventilatory diaphragm activity persists.
In this study, we show a disproportionately larger loss of excitatory glutamatergic innervation to small phrenic motor neurons (PhMNs) following C2SH, as compared with large PhMNs ipsilateral to injury.
Our data suggest that there is a dichotomy in the distribution of inspiratory‐related descending excitatory glutamatergic input to small vs. large PhMNs that reflects their differential recruitment.
Excitatory glutamatergic input mediating inspiratory drive to phrenic motor neurons (PhMNs) emanates primarily from the ipsilateral ventrolateral medulla. Unilateral C2 hemisection (C2SH) disrupts this excitatory input, resulting in cessation of inspiratory‐related diaphragm muscle (DIAm) activity. In contrast, after C2SH, higher force, non‐ventilatory DIAm activity persists. Inspiratory behaviours require recruitment of only smaller PhMNs, whereas with more forceful expulsive/straining behaviours, larger PhMNs are recruited. Accordingly, we hypothesize that C2SH primarily disrupts glutamatergic synaptic inputs to smaller PhMNs, whereas glutamatergic synaptic inputs to larger PhMNs are preserved. We examined changes in glutamatergic presynaptic input onto retrogradely labelled PhMNs using immunohistochemistry for VGLUT1 and VGLUT2. We found that 7 days after C2SH there was an ∼60% reduction in glutamatergic inputs to smaller PhMNs compared with an ∼35% reduction at larger PhMNs. These results are consistent with a more pronounced impact of C2SH on inspiratory behaviours of the DIAm, and the preservation of higher force behaviours after C2SH. These results indicate that the source of glutamatergic synaptic input to PhMNs varies depending on motor neuron size and reflects different functional control – perhaps separate central pattern generator and premotor circuits. For smaller PhMNs, the central pattern generator for inspiration is located in the pre‐Bötzinger complex and premotor neurons in the ventrolateral medulla, sending predominantly ipsilateral projections via the dorsolateral funiculus. C2SH disrupts this glutamatergic input. For larger PhMNs, a large proportion of excitatory inputs appear to exist below the C2 level or from contralateral regions of the brainstem and spinal cord.
Key points
Motor units, comprising a motor neuron and the muscle fibre it innervates, are activated in an orderly fashion to provide varying amounts of force.
A unilateral C2 spinal hemisection (C2SH) disrupts predominant excitatory input from medulla, causing cessation of inspiratory‐related diaphragm muscle activity, whereas higher force, non‐ventilatory diaphragm activity persists.
In this study, we show a disproportionately larger loss of excitatory glutamatergic innervation to small phrenic motor neurons (PhMNs) following C2SH, as compared with large PhMNs ipsilateral to injury.
Our data suggest that there is a dichotomy in the distribution of inspiratory‐related descending excitatory glutamatergic input to small vs. large PhMNs that reflects their differential recruitment.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and is linked with a regional economic burden. We analysed and compared global trends as well as regional and ...sociodemographic differences in CVD incidence and mortality.
We obtained data to annual incident cases, deaths, age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs), and age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) of CVD during 1990-2019 from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study. To quantify the temporal trends, we calculated changes in the incident cases and deaths as well as the estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) of age-standardized rates. Globally, CVD incident cases increased by 77.12% from 31.31 million in 1990 to 55.45 million in 2019; deaths rose by 53.81% from 12.07 million in 1990 to 18.56 million in 2019. The overall ASIR EAPC, -0.56; 95% confidence interval (CI), -0.59 to -0.53 and ASMR (EAPC, -1.46; 95%CI, -1.51 to -1.40) decreased in this period. Against the global trend of ASIR falling, an increasing trend was found in Uzbekistan (EAPC, 1.24; 95%CI, 0.97-1.50), Tajikistan (EAPC, 0.49; 95%CI, 0.47-0.52), and Zimbabwe (EAPC, 0.42; 95%CI, 0.33-0.50). The number of CVD incident cases increased remarkably in low (108.3%), low-middle (114.81%), and middle (117.85%) sociodemographic index regions in 1990-2019.
Despite the increased number of CVD cases and deaths after adjusting for changes in population age, we observed a consistent decrease in age-standardized incidence and mortality in most countries. However, specific regions-especially low to middle SDI regions-present worrying increases in CVD cases and deaths.
Sub‐nanometer Pt@Rh nanoparticles highly dispersed on MIL‐125‐derived porous TiO2 nanoplates are successfully prepared for the first time by a photochemical route, where the porous TiO2 nanoplates ...with a relatively high specific surface area play a dual role as both effective photoreductant and catalyst support. The resulting Pt@Rh/p‐TiO2 can be utilized as a highly active catalyst.
The catalytic asymmetric construction of N−N atropisomeric biaryls remains a formidable challenge. Studies of them lag far behind studies of the more classical carbon‐carbon biaryl atropisomers, ...hampering meaningful development. Herein, the first palladium‐catalyzed enantioselective C−H activation of pyrroles for the synthesis of N−N atropisomers is presented. Structurally diverse indole‐pyrrole atropisomers possessing a chiral N−N axis were produced with good yields and high enantioselectivities by alkenylation, alkynylation, allylation, or arylation reactions. Furthermore, the kinetic resolution of trisubstituted N−N heterobiaryls with more sterically demanding substituents was also achieved. Importantly, this versatile C−H functionalization strategy enables iterative functionalization of pyrroles with exquisite selectivity, expediting the formation of valuable, complex, N−N atropisomers.
Enantioselective synthesis of N−N indole‐pyrrole and bisindole atropisomers was achieved by a palladium‐catalyzed TDG‐enabled C−H functionalization. A wide variety of the N−N atropisomers were produced in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities by C−H alkenylation, alkynylation, allylation or arylation reactions.
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