This paper examines the impact of a carbon trading pilot policy on the low-carbon international competitiveness of an industry to test whether creating a carbon market causes the Porter effect. Using ...a sample of 33 industries in 30 provinces in China from 2009 to 2016 with a difference-in-difference-in-difference model (DDD) and a series of robustness tests, we find evidence of a significant positive influence of a carbon trading pilot policy on the low-carbon international competitiveness of industries covered by the pilot programs. Research on its influencing mechanism reveals that a carbon trading pilot policy promotes the low-carbon international competitiveness of industries by driving low-carbon technological progress. Furthermore, a heterogeneity analysis of industry characteristics and carbon allowance allocation methods in different pilots indicates that the impact of a carbon trading pilot policy on industry low-carbon international competitiveness is reflected mainly in industries with low-carbon emissions, high state-owned capital, and high export intensity. Compared with the grandfather method and the historical intensity method, the low-carbon international competitiveness of an industry is significantly increased when the benchmarking method is used. The results of this paper offer important insights for improving the policy design of a nationwide carbon market, as well as a reference point for other countries and regions, especially developing countries, in establishing a carbon trading market.
China's pilot carbon trading policy is expected to be both efficient and flexible in reducing carbon emissions through incentivising low-carbon innovation. This paper analyses the effects of this ...pilot policy on low-carbon innovation using a difference-in-difference model, based on a sample of selected enterprises and carrying out a series of robustness tests to corroborate the results. The analysis shows that the pilot carbon trading policy is predicted to have a significantly positive effect on the low-carbon innovation of enterprises that fall under its scope, notably by alleviating obstacles to the financing of low-carbon innovation. Furthermore, a heterogeneity analysis of enterprises' characteristics and carbon allowance allocation methods in different pilots indicates that the effect of the pilot carbon trading policy on enterprises' low-carbon innovation will be reflected mainly in enterprises in China's eastern provinces, and in state-owned enterprises. Compared with the grandfathering and historical intensity allocation methods, the findings of this study suggest that the extent of low-carbon innovation is significantly greater when the benchmarking method is used. The results of this paper offer some key insights into improving the policy design of a nationwide carbon trading market in China, as well as a reference point for other countries and regions, especially developing countries, in establishing a carbon trading market.
Key policy insights
China's pilot carbon trading policy can promote low-carbon innovation.
Easing the financing constraints of enterprises can promote low-carbon innovation.
Compared with the grandfathering and historical intensity allocation methods, using the benchmarking method significantly improves the enterprises' low-carbon innovation.
The construction of multiple continuous fully substituted carbon centers, which serve as unique structural motif in natural products, is a challenging topic in organic synthesis. Herein, we report a ...hydrated 3+2 cyclotelomerization of butafulvenes to create contiguous fully substituted carbon backbone. In the presence of scandium triflate, all‐carbon skeleton with spiro fused tricyclic ring can be constructed in high diastereoselectivity by utilizing butafulvene as the synthon. Mechanistic studies suggest that this atom‐economic reaction probably proceeds through a synergistic process containing butafulvenes dimerization and nucleophilic attack by water. In addition, the tricyclic product can undergo a series of synthetic derivatizations, which highlights the potential applications of this strategy. The recyclability of Sc(OTf)3 has also been demonstrated to show its robust performance in this hydrated cyclotelomerization.
A hydrated 3+2 cyclotelomerization of butafulvenes has been developed to create spiro fused tricyclic rings with a contiguous fully substituted carbon motif.
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•We recapitulate the engineering strategies and disease-related applications of intelligent MSNs-based delivery systems.•The disease-related applications of smart MSNs-based delivery ...systems cover a wide range of cancerous/non-cancerous diseases.•The sections regarding cancer theranostics cover the elaboration of MSNs-based nanocarriers based on various therapeutic strategies.•We elaborate the advantages and disadvantages of MSNs for disease theranostics, and the current translation status of silica nanoparticles.
In recent years, the unprecedented advances of biomedical nanotechnology have spurred the development of drug delivery systems (DDSs) based on multifarious nanomaterials in disease treatment and diagnostic purposes, which simultaneously boost the therapeutic outcome and circumvent the side effects. Among these, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are acknowledged as one of the most promising candidates for cargo delivery. Their remarkable intrinsic features, including size and porosity tunability, large surface area, high pore volume, versatile surface functionality as well as biocompatibility, have arouse tremendous research of MSNs as multifunctional delivery platforms. In particular, intelligent MSNs-based controlled delivery systems with stimuli-responsive characteristics hold great promise in personalized precision medicine in clinical applications. Notably, benefiting from the tunable pore size and diversified surface chemistry, MSNs-based systems can transport a variety of therapeutic agents such as small-molecule drug, gene, peptide, as well as protein, which have tremendous potential to treat diverse types of diseases, including carcinoma, bacterial infections (infectious diseases), diabetes, bone disorders, Alzheimer’s disease, etc. In this review, a brief overview of MSNs and their features, together with the discussions on engineering of stimuli-responsive MSNs-based systems for on-demand payload delivery is presented. Further, the application of the state-of-the-art MSNs-based delivery systems in multifarious disease therapeutics (not limited to carcinoma) with a particular focus on recent studies is summarized. Finally, the clinical translation issues encountered by these delivery platforms and their possible solutions together with future perspectives of MSN-based systems in clinics are also mentioned.
Under the unique environment of high humidity and high salinity of nuclear power plants, the environment should be improved to ensure staff comfort and equipment safe operation. Meanwhile, because of ...energy shortage, it is of great significance for building to save energy and reduce consumption. This paper first introduces the concept of Majorization to ensure user comfort with control smoothness, improving the existing two-timescale heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) optimization model. Then, considering energy consumption, this paper formulates a multi-objective programming (MOP) problem with the objective to seek a balance between user comfort and energy consumption. The MOP model is solved by constructing the trade-off curve, where a subobjective with Majorization is also a MOP problem nested, which can be solved more simply using the characteristic of two-timescale HVAC optimization. The numerical results demonstrate the Pareto optimal solutions and the better energy-saving effect compared with the existing two-timescale model.
•Under the unique environment of high humidity and high salinity of nuclear power plant, the environment should be improved to ensure staff comfort and equipment safe operation through HVAC system, ...this paper investigates the HVAC system with ice storage in a nuclear plant.•Considering that the consistency and realizability of ice storage are more complex in two-timescale, the existing two-timescale induced model is updated with ice storage.•The effect of ice storage is shown by analyzing the output of HVAC that consists of chiller and ice storage. The multi-objective programming is used to attain the balance between the electricity cost and user comfort.
Nuclear power is the world’s largest source of clean energy. Nowadays the capacity shortage of electricity market for consuming nuclear power has appeared. Meanwhile, under the unique environment of high humidity and high salinity of nuclear power plant, the environment should be improved to ensure staff comfort and equipment safe operation through heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system. The joint operation of nuclear power and ice storage should be encouraged. Using nuclear power to provide electricity, the ice storage uses cheap off-peak electricity to make ice and uses the ice for supplemental cooling during peak demand time. The ice storage also provides a way to shift a large amount of electricity from off-peak time to peak time. With the objective of minimizing the electricity cost, while keeping the indoor temperatures of nuclear power plant near the desired temperatures, a two-timescale model of HVAC system with ice storage is proposed in this paper. Simulation results show that the proposed model can guarantee the consistency in different timescales, and meet the user desired temperature for comfort with the electricity cost reduced.
Additive manufacturing (AM) can build up complex parts in a layer-by-layer manner, which is a kind of novel and flexible production technology. The special manufacturing capability of AM shows great ...application potential in various fields. However, an open-loop control method cannot guarantee the reliability and repeatability of an AM process. Defects often occur to deteriorate product quality and lead to material and time waste, which hinders the development of AM industry. In this regard, a lot of efforts have been made to make an AM process more controllable. This work proposes an AM control framework that divides the related studies into three feedback loops, including the in-situ monitoring of process defects, fault diagnosis of 3-D printers, and closed-loop control of an AM process. These three loops constitute the inspection and control of AM from the machine level to product level. Specifically, the measurement requirements for monitoring techniques, defect detection, fault diagnosis, and closed-loop control are summarized. The challenges and future trends in realizing a more reliable and repeatable AM process are discussed. Note to Practitioners -This survey is motivated by urgent need to solve product quality problems in additive manufacturing (AM) caused by open-loop control. Three feedback loops can be established to solve them. The first one is defect detection that inspects part quality during fabrication. The second one is the fault diagnosis of a 3-D printer that monitors the health and operation conditions of its actuators. The last one is closed-loop control that improves AM process reliability and repeatability by regulating process variables in real time. These three loops are all based on the feedback signals of in-situ monitoring systems. This paper reviews the related studies and provides guidance for establishing the monitoring systems, performing defect detection and fault diagnosis, and designing closed-loop control systems, which helps realize more reliable and repeatable AM.
As a flexible power grid load regulation facility, the orderly participation of electric vehicles (EVs) in power grid load regulation is conducive to the low-carbon transformation of energy system. ...To measure the co-benefit effect of orderly charging and discharging of EVs on carbon reduction, power grid security and economy, We build the calculation model of orderly charging and discharging of China’s EVs and compare the co-benefit effect of economic incentive orderly charging strategy, economic incentive + technology control orderly charging strategy under different penetration rates of EVs. Results show that in the Central China power grid, the peak load of can be reduced and valley load of can be improved by orderly charging and discharging with economic incentive + technology control strategy. With this method, 440 thousand EVs can reduce 31.2 thousand tons of coal consumption and 86.2 thousand tons of carbon emissions, save 4.29 billion yuan of project investment and increase 1.137 million KW grid margin. A 100% penetration rate of EVs can reduce 964.8 thousand tons of coal consumption and 2.25 million tons of carbon emissions, save 21.87 billion yuan of project investment, and increase grid margin by 5.79 million KW.
•Peak-valley price policy is not the most effective orderly charging strategy.•The co-benefit effect is the largest through economic incentive + technology control.•Control technology is more important than electricity price economic policy.
Abstract
Metallocenes are privileged backbones for synthesis and catalysis. However, the direct dehydrogenative C−H functionalization of unsymmetric metallocenes suffers from reactivity and ...selectivity issues. Herein, we report an electrochemically driven regioselective C−H phosphorylation of group 8 metallocenes. Mechanistic investigations indicate this dehydrogenative cross coupling occurs through an electrophilic radical substitution of the metallocene with a phosphoryl radical, facilitated by the metallocene itself. This work not only offers an efficient and divergent synthesis of phosphorylated metallocenes, but also provides a guide to interpret the reactivity and regioselectivity for the C−H functionalization of unsymmetric metallocenes.
This paper studies the edge computing system (ECS) in which caching the frequently reusable service (FRS) at the edge server (ES) is an effective way to reduce delays. The larger cache space ...available in the ES (we call it ES cache space) might buffer the larger scale of FRS, and subsequently decrease the delays while bringing higher cache storage costs. Meanwhile, the distribution of FRS is not always known in advance. Therefore, how much ES cache space should be supplied to make the optimal tradeoff between the delays and cache storage costs arises as an interesting issue in practice. To address this issue, this paper first formulates the problem of determining the amount of ES cache space supply as a constrained Markov decision process (CMDP), then adopts the Zipf's distribution to estimate the probability distribution of FRS, and finally proposes an effective cache space control algorithm (CSCA) guiding the ES to determine the amount of ES cache space supply to minimize the cache storage costs while maintaining the delays at the acceptable level. Theoretical analysis, simulations and field experiments document and illustrate its performance. Note to Practitioners -This paper addresses the interesting trade-off between the delays and cache storage costs for the edge computing system that operates with limited cache storage budgets while must satisfy the required real-time performances. It helps to improve the operation efficiency of the systems with edge computing setting in the area of Internet of Things (IoT) or Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) that employ the edge server to cache the frequently reusable services, arriving at the minimization of the accumulative cache storage costs while maintaining the accumulative delays at the acceptable level. Theoretical analysis, simulation and field experimental investigations jointly show that the solution proposed here outperforms existing solutions.
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