Enantioenriched N-alkylindole compounds, in which nitrogen is bound to a stereogenic sp
carbon, are an important entity of target molecules in the fields of biological, medicinal, and organic ...chemistry. Despite considerable efforts aimed at inventing methods for stereoselective indole functionalization, straightforward access to a diverse range of chiral N-alkylindoles in an intermolecular catalytic fashion from readily available indole substrates remains an ongoing challenge. In sharp contrast to existing C-N bond-forming strategies, here, we describe a modular nickel-catalyzed C-C coupling protocol that couples a broad array of N-indolyl-substituted alkenes with aryl/alkenyl/alkynyl bromides to produce chiral N-alkylindole adducts in single regioisomeric form, in up to 91% yield and 97% ee. The process is amenable to proceed under mild conditions and exhibit broad scope and high functional group compatibility. Utility is highlighted through late-stage functionalization of natural products and drug molecules, preparation of chiral building blocks.
In radiotherapy for cancer patients, an indispensable process is to delineate organs-at-risk (OARs) and tumors. However, it is the most time-consuming step as manual delineation is always required ...from radiation oncologists. Herein, we propose a lightweight deep learning framework for radiotherapy treatment planning (RTP), named RTP-Net, to promote an automatic, rapid, and precise initialization of whole-body OARs and tumors. Briefly, the framework implements a cascade coarse-to-fine segmentation, with adaptive module for both small and large organs, and attention mechanisms for organs and boundaries. Our experiments show three merits: 1) Extensively evaluates on 67 delineation tasks on a large-scale dataset of 28,581 cases; 2) Demonstrates comparable or superior accuracy with an average Dice of 0.95; 3) Achieves near real-time delineation in most tasks with <2 s. This framework could be utilized to accelerate the contouring process in the All-in-One radiotherapy scheme, and thus greatly shorten the turnaround time of patients.
An efficient palladium-catalyzed route for the synthesis of benzimidazole-fused phenanthridines from o-dibromoarenes and 2-arylbenzimidazoles is described. The sequentially accomplished reaction ...comprises intermolecular C–H arylation of 2-arylbenzimidazoles followed by an intramolecular N-arylation reaction promoted by the same Pd catalyst. This Pd-catalyzed double arylation provides a useful tool for the discovery of fluorescent materials.
Nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) is a promising remediation material for Cd-contaminated soil, but questions remain regarding the effects of nZVI-induced Fe oxides on Cd availability with different soil ...types and moisture conditions. To identify the changes in Cd availability and Fe mineral phases resulting from the application of nZVI, three types of Cd-spiked soils with 0.1% nZVI amendment were incubated under different moisture conditions with water-holding capacities (WHCs) of 30%, 60%, and 180%. The availability of Cd was significantly decreased in yellow and black soils amended with nZVI, with fewer changes being observed in cinnamon soil. The limited effect of nZVI on Cd stabilization was due to the extremely low content of poorly crystalline Fe phases in cinnamon soil. The Cd stabilization efficiency of nZVI was higher in the flooding soils (180% WHC) than in the non-flooding yellow and black soils (30% and 60% WHC, respectively). Moreover, the addition of nZVI promoted the formation of less-available forms of Cd (Fe-oxide-bound Cd in yellow soil and Fe-oxide-bound and organic-material-bound Cd in black soil) under the flooding condition. The decrease in extractable Cd was strongly related to the increase in poorly crystalline Fe(Ⅱ) mineral phases among the three soils and various soil moisture contents. Although 0.1% nZVI amendment induced the dissolution of Mn oxides, it did not hinder the Cd stabilization in the three soils. Overall, this study indicates that increased amounts of poorly crystalline Fe(Ⅱ) compounds due to nZVI amendment play a critical role in the stabilization of Cd in soils.
•Cd stabilization by nZVI was strongly affected by soil type and moisture.•The highest Cd stabilization was achieved under 180%WHC by nZVI in soil.•Poorly crystalline Fe(II) compounds play a vital role in Cd stabilization by nZVI.
Background Construct deep learning models for colonoscopy quality control using different architectures and explore their decision-making mechanisms. Methods A total of 4,189 colonoscopy images were ...collected from two medical centers, covering different levels of bowel cleanliness, the presence of polyps, and the cecum. Using these data, eight pre-trained models based on CNN and Transformer architectures underwent transfer learning and fine-tuning. The models' performance was evaluated using metrics such as AUC, Precision, and F1 score. Perceptual hash functions were employed to detect image changes, enabling real-time monitoring of colonoscopy withdrawal speed. Model interpretability was analyzed using techniques such as Grad-CAM and SHAP. Finally, the best-performing model was converted to ONNX format and deployed on device terminals. Results The EfficientNetB2 model outperformed other architectures on the validation set, achieving an accuracy of 0.992. It surpassed models based on other CNN and Transformer architectures. The model's precision, recall, and F1 score were 0.991, 0.989, and 0.990, respectively. On the test set, the EfficientNetB2 model achieved an average AUC of 0.996, with a precision of 0.948 and a recall of 0.952. Interpretability analysis showed the specific image regions the model used for decision-making. The model was converted to ONNX format and deployed on device terminals, achieving an average inference speed of over 60 frames per second. Conclusions The AI-assisted quality system, based on the EfficientNetB2 model, integrates four key quality control indicators for colonoscopy. This integration enables medical institutions to comprehensively manage and enhance these indicators using a single model, showcasing promising potential for clinical applications. Keywords: Deep learning, Colonoscopy quality control, Colonoscopy, Artificial intelligence
Enhanced animal welfare has emerged as a pivotal element in contemporary precision animal husbandry, with bovine monitoring constituting a significant facet of precision agriculture. The evolution of ...intelligent agriculture in recent years has significantly facilitated the integration of drone flight monitoring tools and innovative systems, leveraging deep learning to interpret bovine behavior. Smart drones, outfitted with monitoring systems, have evolved into viable solutions for wildlife protection and monitoring as well as animal husbandry. Nevertheless, challenges arise under actual and multifaceted ranch conditions, where scale alterations, unpredictable movements, and occlusions invariably influence the accurate tracking of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). To address these challenges, this manuscript proposes a tracking algorithm based on deep learning, adhering to the Joint Detection Tracking (JDT) paradigm established by the CenterTrack algorithm. This algorithm is designed to satisfy the requirements of multi-objective tracking in intricate practical scenarios. In comparison with several preeminent tracking algorithms, the proposed Multi-Object Tracking (MOT) algorithm demonstrates superior performance in Multiple Object Tracking Accuracy (MOTA), Multiple Object Tracking Precision (MOTP), and IDF1. Additionally, it exhibits enhanced efficiency in managing Identity Switches (ID), False Positives (FP), and False Negatives (FN). This algorithm proficiently mitigates the inherent challenges of MOT in complex, livestock-dense scenarios.
Display omitted
•Organic amendment of lower stoichiometry leads to greater MAOC accrual.•Manure alleviates C:P imbalance between microbes and available resources.•Soil microbes adapt to ...stoichiometric imbalances by modifying life strategies.•Microbiological properties determine variation of MAOC pool.•POC pool is associated with distribution of soil aggregates.
Soil microorganisms play a key role in regulating soil organic carbon (SOC) accrual. Organic amendments with distinct stoichiometry may lead to imbalanced supply of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) to the microbiome, causing changes in microbial community composition and their life strategies, as well as enzyme production. However, the response of soil microorganisms to these imbalances and whether their adaptive strategies are related to the fate of SOC pools remain largely unknown in low-fertility paddy soil. To address this uncertainty, soils were sampled from a 12-year experimental fertilisation trial under integrated application of mineral fertilizers and three types of organic materials (green manure, rice straw, and cattle manure). Stoichiometric imbalances between soil microbes and their available resources, enzyme activities, and microbial community composition, and their linkages with soil particulate (POC) and mineral-associated (MAOC) organic C were investigated. The results showed that despite equal C input, strongest increase in MAOC occurred with organic amendments causing the smallest microbial C:N imbalance and C:P imbalance, suggesting that alleviation in N and P limitation was inductive to the accrual of soil stable organic C fraction. Additional organic amendments with lower C: nutrient ratios shifted the microbial community towards the prevalence of r-strategists, with cattle manure addition supporting copiotrophic bacteria and green manure addition favouring copiotrophic fungi. Importantly, the relative abundances of Proteobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Actinobacteria belonging to copiotrophs were negatively related to microbial C:N imbalance and C:P imbalance, but positively related to POC and MAOC, while Chloroflexi, Basidiomycota and Glomeromycota belonging to oligotrophs exhibited reversed relationships. In addition, greater MAOC accrual was associated with an increase in microbial biomass and a decrease in biomass-specific P-acquiring enzyme activity. Random forest analysis and partial least squares path model revealed that microbial C:N imbalance and C:P imbalance played an important but indirect role in shaping MAOC by concurrently regulating soil microbial biomass, community composition and enzyme production, whereas the POC pool was predominantly and directly controlled by the proportion of macroaggregates. These results provide empirical evidence for the stoichiometric control of microbial communities and their feedback to SOC pools, highlighting the role of low C:nutrient ratio organic amendments for long-term storage and the persistence of C in intensively managed paddy soils.
Silicon nitride is a material compatible with CMOS processes and offers several advantages, such as a wide transparent window, a large forbidden band gap, negligible two-photon absorption, excellent ...nonlinear properties, and a smaller thermo-optic coefficient than silicon. Therefore, it has received significant attention in the field of silicon photonics in recent years. The preparation of silicon nitride waveguides using low-pressure chemical vapor deposition methods results in lower loss and better process repeatability. However, due to the higher temperature of the process, when the thickness of the silicon nitride film exceeds 300 nm on an 8-inch wafer, it is prone to cracking due to the high stress generated by the film. Limited by this high stress, silicon nitride waveguide devices are typically developed on wafers with a thickness of 4 inches or less. In this work, we successfully fabricated a 400 nm-thick silicon nitride waveguide on an 8-inch wafer using a Damascene method similar to the CMOS process for copper interconnects and demonstrated propagation losses of only 0.157 dB/cm at 1550 nm and 0.06 dB/cm at 1580 nm.
Postpartum dysfunctions and complications can occur in women. However, functional assessment should be conducted to make treatment plans before any intervention is implemented. In this context, the ...International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) may be a useful tool for women postpartum to document functional data and set rehabilitation goals. The purpose of this study was to determine the corresponding domains that should be considered in the evaluation of women's postpartum functioning based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) model using the Delphi method.
Fifteen domestic experts were invited to conduct two rounds of expert consensus survey on the ICF-based postpartum functional assessment category pool obtained through literature retrieval, clinical investigation, and reference to relevant literature. The sample was medical staff with professional knowledge of women's health. The opinions of experts were summarized, and the positive coefficient, authority coefficient and coordination degree of experts were calculated.
A total of 15 domestic experts participated in this expert consensus. Through two rounds of a questionnaire survey, 69 items were finally selected to form the ICF-based postpartum functional assessment tool for women. The items included 32 items of body function, 12 items of body structure, 17 items of activity and participation, and 8 items of environmental factors. In addition, we identified 8 items of personal factors. The expert positive coefficients of the two rounds of expert consensus were both 100%, the authority coefficient was 0.789, and the coefficient of variation was between 0.09 to 0.31.
A postpartum functional assessment tool for women based on the ICF model was constructed based on the Delphi method, which can provide more comprehensive health management and life intervention for postpartum women.
The Registration number of the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry is ChiCTR2200066163, 25/11/2022.
This study takes Green Credit Guidelines in China as a quasi-natural experiment to examine its effect on the quality of green innovation in heavily polluting enterprises. Based on the data of Chinese ...listed companies from 2008 to 2019, DID model, and a series of robustness tests, findings show that Green Credit Guidelines significantly improve the quality of enterprises' green innovation. The positive effect is more significant in state-owned enterprises and those in the eastern region and less financially developed areas. The officials' promotion pressure and fiscal decentralization have negative and positive moderating effects, respectively. Additional analysis demonstrates that the quality improvement of enterprises’ green innovation can further increase their economic returns. Specifically, the competitiveness and market value of enterprise products are enhanced. The results provide enterprises with theoretical guidance on how to deal with environmental regulation. The results also provide countries around the world, especially developing countries, with important reference to implement green credit policy to achieve sustainable development.
•Green Credit Guidelines improve the quality of green innovation in enterprises.•Promotion pressure has a negative moderating effect on the impact of Green Credit Guidelines, while fiscal decentralization has a positive one.•Green Credit Guidelines can enhance the product competitiveness and market value of enterprises by improving the quality of green innovation.
PDF
