Visible-infrared person re-identification (VI-ReID) is a cross-modality retrieval issue aiming to match the same pedestrian between visible and infrared cameras. Thus, the modality discrepancy ...presents a significant challenge for this task. Most methods employ different networks to extract features that are invariant between modalities. While we propose a novel channel semantic mutual learning network (CSMN), which attributes the difference in semantics between modalities to the difference at the channel level, it optimises the semantic consistency between channels from two perspectives: the local inter-channel semantics and the global inter-modal semantics. Meanwhile, we design a channel-level auto-guided double metric loss (CADM) to learn modality-invariant features and the sample distribution in a fine-grained manner. We conducted experiments on RegDB and SYSU-MM01, and the experimental results validate the superiority of CSMN. Especially on RegDB datasets, CSMN improves the current best performance by 3.43% and 0.5% on the Rank-1 score and mINP value, respectively. The code is available at https://github.com/013zyj/CSMN.
The complete sequences of chloroplast genomes provide wealthy information regarding the evolutionary history of species. With the advance of next-generation sequencing technology, the number of ...completely sequenced chloroplast genomes is expected to increase exponentially, powerful computational tools annotating the genome sequences are in urgent need.
We have developed a web server CPGAVAS. The server accepts a complete chloroplast genome sequence as input. First, it predicts protein-coding and rRNA genes based on the identification and mapping of the most similar, full-length protein, cDNA and rRNA sequences by integrating results from Blastx, Blastn, protein2genome and est2genome programs. Second, tRNA genes and inverted repeats (IR) are identified using tRNAscan, ARAGORN and vmatch respectively. Third, it calculates the summary statistics for the annotated genome. Fourth, it generates a circular map ready for publication. Fifth, it can create a Sequin file for GenBank submission. Last, it allows the extractions of protein and mRNA sequences for given list of genes and species. The annotation results in GFF3 format can be edited using any compatible annotation editing tools. The edited annotations can then be uploaded to CPGAVAS for update and re-analyses repeatedly. Using known chloroplast genome sequences as test set, we show that CPGAVAS performs comparably to another application DOGMA, while having several superior functionalities.
CPGAVAS allows the semi-automatic and complete annotation of a chloroplast genome sequence, and the visualization, editing and analysis of the annotation results. It will become an indispensible tool for researchers studying chloroplast genomes. The software is freely accessible from http://www.herbalgenomics.org/cpgavas.
Abstract
The temperatures of the heavy ions (
T
i
) in the solar corona provide critical information about the heating mechanism of the million-degree corona. However, the measurement of
T
i
is ...usually challenging due to the nonthermal motion, instrumental limitations, and optically thin nature of the coronal emissions. We present the measurement of
T
i
and its dependency on the ion charge-to-mass ratio (
Z
/
A
) at the polar coronal hole boundary, only assuming that heavy ions have the same nonthermal velocity. To improve the
Z
/
A
coverage and study the influence of the instrumental broadening, we used a coordinated observation from the EUV Imaging Spectrometer on board the Hinode satellite and the Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation (SUMER) on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory. We found that the
T
i
of ions with
Z
/
A
less than 0.20 or greater than 0.33 are much higher than the local electron temperature. We ran the Alfvén Wave Solar Model-realtime to investigate the formation of optically thin emissions along the line of sight (LOS). The simulation suggested that plasma bulk motions along the LOS broaden the widths of hot emission lines in the coronal hole (e.g., Fe
xii
, Fe
xiii
). We discussed other factors that might affect the
T
i
measurement, including the non-Gaussian wings in some bright SUMER lines, which can be fitted by a double-Gaussian or a
κ
distribution. Our study confirms the preferential heating of heavy ions in coronal holes and provides new constraints on coronal heating models.
Chronic opiate use induces opiate dependence, which is characterized by extremely unpleasant physical and emotional feelings after drug use is terminated. Both the rewarding effects of a drug and the ...desire to avoid withdrawal symptoms motivate continued drug use, and the nucleus accumbens is important for orchestrating both processes. While multiple inputs to the nucleus accumbens regulate reward, little is known about the nucleus accumbens circuitry underlying withdrawal. Here we identify the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus as a prominent input to the nucleus accumbens mediating the expression of opiate-withdrawal-induced physical signs and aversive memory. Activity in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus to nucleus accumbens pathway is necessary and sufficient to mediate behavioural aversion. Selectively silencing this pathway abolishes aversive symptoms in two different mouse models of opiate withdrawal. Chronic morphine exposure selectively potentiates excitatory transmission between the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus and D2-receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons via synaptic insertion of GluA2-lacking AMPA receptors. Notably, in vivo optogenetic depotentiation restores normal transmission at these synapses and robustly suppresses morphine withdrawal symptoms. This links morphine-evoked pathway- and cell-type-specific plasticity in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus to nucleus accumbens circuit to opiate dependence, and suggests that reprogramming this circuit holds promise for treating opiate addiction.
Hierarchical structured data are very common for data mining and other tasks in real-life world. How to select the optimal scale combination from a multi-scale decision table is critical for ...subsequent tasks. At present, the models for calculating the optimal scale combination mainly include lattice model, complement model and stepwise optimal scale selection model, which are mainly based on consistent multi-scale decision tables. The optimal scale selection model for inconsistent multi-scale decision tables has not been given. Based on this, firstly, this paper introduces the concept of complement and lattice model proposed by Li and Hu. Secondly, based on the concept of positive region consistency of inconsistent multi-scale decision tables, the paper proposes complement model and lattice model based on positive region consistent and gives the algorithm. Finally, some numerical experiments are employed to verify that the model has the same properties in processing inconsistent multi-scale decision tables as the complement model and lattice model in processing consistent multi-scale decision tables. And for the consistent multi-scale decision table, the same results can be obtained by using the model based on positive region consistent. However, the lattice model based on positive region consistent is more time-consuming and costly. The model proposed in this paper provides a new theoretical method for the optimal scale combination selection of the inconsistent multi-scale decision table.
This paper establishes the existence of a nontrivial steady-state solution to a parabolic-parabolic coupled system with singular (or logarithmic) sensitivity and nonlinear source arising from ...chemotaxis. The proofs mainly rely on the maximum principle, the implicit function theorem, and the Hopf bifurcation theorem.
The salience of behaviorally relevant stimuli is dynamic and influenced by internal state and external environment. Monitoring such changes is critical for effective learning and flexible behavior, ...but the neuronal substrate for tracking the dynamics of stimulus salience is obscure. We found that neurons in the paraventricular thalamus (PVT) are robustly activated by a variety of behaviorally relevant events, including novel ("unfamiliar") stimuli, reinforcing stimuli and their predicting cues, as well as omission of the expected reward. PVT responses are scaled with stimulus intensity and modulated by changes in homeostatic state or behavioral context. Inhibition of the PVT responses suppresses appetitive or aversive associative learning and reward extinction. Our findings demonstrate that the PVT gates associative learning by providing a dynamic representation of stimulus salience.
Summary
Danshen, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, is one of the most widely used herbs in traditional Chinese medicine, wherein its rhizome/roots are particularly valued. The corresponding bioactive ...components include the tanshinone diterpenoids, the biosynthesis of which is a subject of considerable interest. Previous investigations of the S. miltiorrhiza transcriptome have relied on short‐read next‐generation sequencing (NGS) technology, and the vast majority of the resulting isotigs do not represent full‐length cDNA sequences. Moreover, these efforts have been targeted at either whole plants or hairy root cultures. Here, we demonstrate that the tanshinone pigments are produced and accumulate in the root periderm, and apply a combination of NGS and single‐molecule real‐time (SMRT) sequencing to various root tissues, particularly including the periderm, to provide a more complete view of the S. miltiorrhiza transcriptome, with further insight into tanshinone biosynthesis as well. In addition, the use of SMRT long‐read sequencing offered the ability to examine alternative splicing, which was found to occur in approximately 40% of the detected gene loci, including several involved in isoprenoid/terpenoid metabolism.
Significance Statement
Here, we combined NGS and SMRT sequencing to generate a more complete/full‐length S. miltiorrhiza transcriptome. Our study provides a general model for studying the full‐length transcriptome, alternative splicing, and the biosynthesis of active constituents in medicinal plants, as well as important information about the important Danshen constituent of traditional Chinese medicine more specifically.
In recent years, frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar has been widely used in automatic driving, settlement monitoring and other fields. The range accuracy is determined by the estimation ...of the signal beat frequency. The existing algorithms are unable to distinguish between signal components with similar frequencies. To address this problem, this study proposed an enhanced root-MUSIC algorithm based on matrix reconstruction. Firstly, based on the sparsity of a singular value vector, a convex optimization problem was formulated to identify a singular value vector. Two algorithms were proposed to solve the convex optimization problem according to whether the standard deviation of noise needed to be estimated, from which an optimized singular value vector was obtained. Then, a signal matrix was reconstructed using an optimized singular value vector, and the Hankel structure of the signal matrix was restored by utilizing the properties of the Hankel matrix. Finally, the conventional root-MUSIC algorithm was utilized to estimate the signal beat frequency. The simulation results showed that the proposed algorithm improved the frequency resolution of multi-frequency signals in a noisy environment, which is beneficial to improve the multi-target range accuracy and resolution capabilities of FMCW radar.
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is critical in mediating reward seeking and is also involved in negative emotion processing, but the cellular and circuitry mechanisms underlying such opposing behaviors ...remain elusive. Here, using the recently developed AAV1-mediated anterograde transsynaptic tagging technique in mice, we show that NAc neurons receiving basolateral amygdala inputs (NAc
) promote positive reinforcement via disinhibiting dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). In contrast, NAc neurons receiving paraventricular thalamic inputs (NAc
) innervate GABAergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and mediate aversion. Silencing the synaptic output of NAc
neurons impairs reward seeking behavior, while silencing of NAc
or NAc
→LH pathway abolishes aversive symptoms of opiate withdrawal. Our results elucidate the afferent-specific circuit architecture of the NAc in controlling reward and aversion.
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