Die Herrschaft Gornji grad (Oberburg), seit 1462 im Eigentum des Bistums von Ljubljana, hatte durch Jahrhunderte sehr ausgedehnte Waldungen und Pachtweideflächen, in denen auf althergebrachte Weise ...mit Servituts- oder auf andere Weise erworbenen Rechten ihrer Untertanen, mit Plenterabstockung, meistens ohne An- und Ausweisung des Holzes den Untertanen, mit Ausweitung der Weideflächen zuungunsten der Wälder und auch auf andere Weise, wennauch nicht absichtlich zugunsten der Untertanen gewirtschaftet wurde. Zur Erhöhung der Rentabilität der Wälder wurde fremdländisches forstlich ausgebildetes Personal angestellt, welches neue Methoden der Forstbewirtschaftung, nach den Prinzipien der "Deutschen Forstschule" einführen sollte. Dieses Personal sollte so bald und soviel als möglich die alt hergebrachten Methoden verändern. Diesem Ansinnen widersetzten sich die Untertanen, denen es gelang, fast alle forstliche Neuerungen zu verhindern. Alle Verfahren der Untertanen waren aber nach der gültigen Forstordnung strafbar. Die Herrschaftsverwaltung war aber in dieser Zeit gleichzeitig auch noch Staatsbehörde, der die Verwaltungs-, Justiz-, Polizei- und Rekrutierungsaufgaben oblagen. Die Feudalordnung war damals schon schwächlich und so konnte die Herrschaftsverwaltung nicht so streng die Anzeigen ihres Forstpersonals gegen die Untertanen über die Forst- und Weideübertretungen (Exzesse) ahnden und Prozesse führen bzw. so streng die Vorschriften durchführen, um die Untertanen nicht noch mehr in Aufregung zu bringen.
Zweck dieser Abhandlung ist die Beschreibung der erwähnten Waldungen mit ihren äu?erst verworrenen Verhältnissen mit den Untertanen und Darstellung der Probleme, die mit der Einführung der rationalen Forstökonomie verbunden waren.
The subject of the treatise are the forests (woods) and their economy on _iče and Fraj_tanj estates in the Lower Styria, which were the property of the Styrian Religion Fund, in the period between ...the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century. The first estate possessed 2365 and the second 1423 yokes of forests. The distribution of the tree species and the state of the forest stands, which were with some exceptions generally bad, are described. Detailed use of the forests, that were shared on one side between the bondmen, in the form of servitude rights (rights for felling the trees for firewood and building material, rights for the pasture of livestock and swines separately, and the rights to rake up the strewing) and on the other side the rights of the estate owners, are discussed. In that time the forests were to a great extent included in the husbandry of the bondsmen farms. The estates did not have the power to reduce the servitude rights, which were in force for ages. To small extent they attempted to regulate them, but with little success. The servitude rights were a great obstacle for good administration of the forests. The estate _iče tryed to solve this problem through the cession (separation) of their forests parts to the bondsmen, which should denounce to their servitude rights on the remaining estate forests. But during the period in question the intention was not realized. These problems are extensively discussed in archival sources. On the estate Fraj_tanj the cession (separation) of the forests to bondsmen, for their denouncing to the servitude rights, has not been a topic yet. On both estates there no traces can be observed about contemporary forest managing and the incomes from their forests were negligible.
In der Abhandlung werden die Wälder zweier Herrschaften _iče (Seitz) und Fraj_tanj (Freistein) und ihre Bewirtschaftung in dem erwähnten Zeitraum behandelt. Beide wurden durch die Innerösterreichische Staatsgüteradministration in Gradec (Graz) verwaltet. Die erste Herrschaft lag im Hügelland um den Markt Konjice (Gonobitz), die zweite aber hauptsächlich in der Ebene um die Ortschaften Zgornja in Spodnja Polskava (Ober- und Unter Pulsgau), nicht weit voneinander entfernt. Die Wälder beider Herrschaften wurden im großen Umfang mit Servitutsrechten zugunsten eigener Untertanen und Untertanen fremder Herrschaften belastet. Bei der ersten machte sich die Verwaltung Gedanken um in den Wäldern Separation durchzuführen, die eine bessere Bewirtschaftung der Wälder gewährleisten sollte, obwohl die Separation erst nach einigen Jahrzehnten durchgeführt wurde. Bei der zweiten Herrschaft wurde die Separation noch nicht in Betracht gezogen.
Nano-fertilizers are new generation of the synthetic fertilizers which contain readily available nutrients in nano scale range. Nano fertilizers are preferred largely due to their efficiency and ...environment friendly nature compared to conventional chemical fertilizers. To evaluate the effects of foliar spray of micronutrient nano-fertilizer (iron and zinc) and nano-titanium dioxide (nTiO2) solution on grain yield and its components in barley under supplemental irrigation conditions, a field experiment was carried out in the semi-arid highland region of Maragheh, Iran. Barley plants were separately treated with of chelated nano-scale zinc oxide (ZnO) and ferric oxide (Fe2O3) suspensions during tillering stage, booting and milky stages. Results revealed that days to anthesis and maturity significantly increased after application of both nano-fertilizers. Furthermore, a considerable improvement was observed in grain mass, spike length, number of the grains per spike, chlorophyll content, grain yield and harvest index by application of nano-fertilizer. However the impact of nano zinc fertilizer was more prominent than iron. Foliar application of nTiO2 positively affected some morphophysiological characteristics like as days to anthesis, chlorophyll content and straw yield. The results suggest that the delivery of Zn into barley seedling through spray of nano-fertilizer can be an efficient nutrient management strategy in semi-arid regions. Overall, our result indicated that the integration of nanotechnology in fertilizer products can improve fertilizer use efficiency and significantly increase of barley yield. However, plant response to nanoparticles significantly depend on concentration and time of application as well as size, shape, and surface functionalization of the particles.
Dietary fibre comprises non˗digestible carbohydrates, including resistant starch, and lignin, and it is an important constituent of a healthy diet. The aim was to define the influence of particle ...size on contents determined for dietary fibre and resistant starch in unprocessed grain and canned legumes. Five samples of unprocessed and processed grains were analysed, as oatmeal, buckwheat, dehulled barley, wheat and spelt, and three canned legumes, as beans, chickpeas and peas, with and without their brine. Samples were initially milled unscreened, and then again through 500 μm or 350 μm screens. For unprocessed grain samples, there was generally no influence of particle size, except for the 350-μm milling of dehulled barley, with significantly decreased contents determined for insoluble dietary fibre and resistant starch presumably due to damaging of starch granules and disrupting crystalline formation of starch. For canned legumes with and without their brine, particle size had little effect on contents determined for dietary fibre and resistant starch.
The beans are an important protein source. In our three-year experiment, we examined the effect of sowing times and fertilizer doses on the protein content of the seed and the protein yield per ...hectare. We set up the trial on sandy soil, without irrigation, in four replications with 300,000 plant per hectare in Nyíregyháza (Hungary). 10 m2 plots were in randomized blocks, with three sowing times (in normal time, earlier and later) and three fertilizer doses (0 %; 100 % and 150 %). We measured the nitrogen content of the seed with a Vario-Max CNS analyzer. The protein contents were counted from that value. The data were evaluated with Excel and SPSS 22.0. In examined 3 years the largest protein contents were in the third sowing time with 150 % fertilizer dose. In 2016-17 the yield and protein yield of the third sowing time were larger than the value of earlier sowing times for all three fertilizer doses. This was because of favourable weather. The significant effect of increased fertilizer doses was not proved at a given sowing time. If the weather was favourable, then the significant relationship among the sowing time, protein content, yield, and protein yield was positive and strong.
The study’s purpose is to establish the application based on fluorescence spectroscopy as a field method in the determination of varietal differences after tomato harvesting. The tomato fruits will ...be compared to determine the spectral distribution due to the varietal differences of a particular genotype. This will allow the approach to be practiced non-invasively in the quality control of tomato production in unspecified rooms and outdoors.The experimental studies have been conducted locally at the Institute of Plant Genetic Resources “K. Malkov” - Sadovo for three varieties.The spectral installation for the generation of emission fluorescence spectra is mobile. In its adjustment (optical adjustment), a system engineering approach based on the classical principles of modern optoelectronics was applied. The results of the experiment can be used to optimize the time for the analysis of the varietal difference of tomato genotypes after harvesting, under uncontrolled conditions. This will support the process of determining the belonging of a specific аccession to a given variety (even for аccessions of unknown origin) when it is necessary to qualify a score of samples in a short time.
The aim of the present work is to study the chemical composition, to estimate the phenolic compounds content and to evaluate the potential allelopathic effects of the Haloxylon scoparium Pomel. ...Phytochemical tests revealed that Haloxylon scoparium contains tannins, saponins, coumarins, alkaloids, flavonoids and steroids. Furthermore, it contains high levels of total phenolic (588.33 mg GAE 100 g-1) and flavonoids (95.45 mg QE 100 g-1) contents. Moreover, LC-MS-MS analysis allowed us to determine their chemical composition. The results of this characterization confirm the presence of vanillin, naringenin, folic acid, maleic acid, benzoic acid, myricetin, qwuercetin, beta-carotene, butylhydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), rutin, cafeic acid, hydroxy-4-coumarine, ascorbic acid, and gallic acid. The allelopathic effect was studied on seed germination and seedling growth of four weed species. The bioassays were performed using different concentrations (1 %, 2.5 %, 5 % and 10 %) against a negative control. The seed germination, shoot and root length of weed species were completely inhibited at the highest concentrations (10 %, 5 %). However, the lower concentrations exhibited lesser inhibition percentages on the germination and the seedling growth. The phytochemical results and the significant allelopathic effects of the plant extract suggest that this species may offer new substances for the biocontrol of weeds.
The present study was designed to determine the effect of four moisture content levels (4, 5, 6, and 7 %) on the physical and aerodynamic properties of date palm pollen grain (DPP). The physical ...properties of DPP included pollen length (L), width (w), thickness (T), projected area (Ap), geometric mean diameter (dg), mass (m), sphericity (S), and bulk density (ρp). It was observed that the moisture content did not significantly influence the physical properties of the DPP. The aerodynamic properties of DPP included the terminal velocity (Vt), drag coefficient (Dc), drag force (Df), and Reynolds number (Re). The pollen Reynolds number (Re) is significant at different pollen grain moisture content, and regression models were developed in the form of polynomial and exponential relationships. Also, the 3rd order polynomial relationship was found between Re and Dc. The results showed that the average values of Vt, Dc, Df, and Re were about 0.6 m s-1, (0.38 to 0.45), 1.09E-11 N, and (0.29 to 0.42), respectively. The results of this study will be helpful in the performance of date palm pollination machines.
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