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•Actinidia (A.) arguta, A. deliciosa and A. eriantha were investigated.•Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities were compared.•The binding properties between proteins and ...polyphenols were determined.•The highest bioactivity and binding properties were in cultivars ‘M1’ and ‘Bidan’.•For the first time three different of kiwi fruit families were compared by fluorescence, MS and FTIR.
The aim of this research is to identify and compare the bioactive compounds, antioxidant capacities and binding potentials to human protein in different varieties of hardy kiwi (Actinidia (A.) arguta), ‘Hayward’ (Actinidia deliciosa) and less – known ‘Bidan’ (Actinidia eriantha). Polyphenols, flavonoids, flavanols, tannins, vitamin C, lutein, zeaxanthin and dietary fibers were significantly higher in cultivar ‘M1’ among the A. arguta than in ‘Hayward’. The binding properties of studied kiwi fruits were determined by interaction of polyphenols with human serum albumin (HSA). An internal standard FTIR technique allowed the quantitative comparison of specific IR absorption bands (Amides I, II, III) of different kiwi fruit samples after interaction with HSA. It was shown that the antioxidant and binding capacities and FTIR quantitative estimations of A. arguta fruits were significantly higher than in ‘Hayward’, but lower than the ‘Bidan’. In MS spectra were found some slight differences in A. arguta kiwis in comparison with ‘Hayward’ and ‘Bidan’. Two A. arguta cultivars were similar to ‘Bidan’. The interaction of polyphenols with HSA, evaluated by fluorometry/FTIR, made it possible to compare the bioactivity of different cultivars and families. In conclusion, for the first time fruits A. arguta, cultivated in Poland, were compared with widely consumed kiwi fruits, using advanced analytical methods. The high bioactivity and nutritional value of A. arguta fruits from Polish ecological plantation enables us to recommend them for marketing and consumption.
The Hayward metric is a spherically symmetric charged regular black holes, a modification of the Reisnner–Nordström black holes of Einstein’s equations coupled to nonlinear electrodynamics. We ...consider Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet gravity (EGB) coupled to nonlinear electrodynamics to present an exact five dimension (5D) Hayward black holes with a regular center, having inner (Cauchy) and outer (event) horizons which go over to Boulware–Desser black holes when the charge is switched off (e=0). The presence of charge e leads the modification in thermodynamical quantities, and it has also been shown that the Hawking–Page like phase transition can be achieved. The specific heat shows divergence at the horizon radius r=rC (critical radius), where the temperature has a maximum. Our result in the limit, e→0, reduces vis-a-vis to the 5D Boulware–Desser solutions.
The Hayward and Calaveras Faults, two strike‐slip faults of the San Andreas System located in the East San Francisco Bay Area, are commonly considered independent structures for seismic hazard ...assessment. We use Interferometric Synthetic Aperture RADAR to show that surface creep on the Hayward Fault continues 15 km farther south than previously known, revealing new potential for rupture and damage south of Fremont. The extended trace of the Hayward Fault, also illuminated by shallow repeating micro‐earthquakes, documents a surface connection with the Calaveras Fault. At depths greater than 3–5 km, repeating micro‐earthquakes located 10 km north of the surface connection highlight the 3‐D wedge geometry of the junction. Our new model of the Hayward and Calaveras Faults argues that they should be treated as a single system with potential for earthquake ruptures generating events with magnitudes greater than 7, posing a higher seismic hazard to the East San Francisco Bay Area than previously considered.
Key Points
Active faults' structure can be illuminated using space geodesy and seismology
Hayward and Calaveras Faults are directly connected on surface and at depth
Earthquakes of M > 7 could occur on the Hayward‐Calaveras Fault system
Spatial and temporal variations of aseismic fault creep influence the size and timing of large earthquakes along partially coupled faults. To solve for a time‐dependent model of creep on the Hayward ...fault, we invert 18 years of surface deformation data (1992–2010), obtained by interferometric processing of 52 and 50 SAR images acquired by the ERS1/2 and Envisat satellites, respectively, and surface creep data obtained at 19 alinement and 4 creepmeter stations. For multi‐temporal analysis of the SAR data we developed a method for identifying stable pixels using wavelet multi‐resolution analysis. We also implement a variety of wavelet‐based filters for reducing the effects of environmental artifacts. Using a reweighted least squares approach, we inverted the interferometric data to generate a time series of surface deformation over the San Francisco Bay Area with a precision of better than a few millimeters. To jointly invert the InSAR displacement time series and the surface creep data for a time‐dependent model of fault creep, we use a robust inversion approach combined with a Kalman filter. The time‐dependent model constrains a zone of high slip deficit that may represent the locked rupture asperity of past and future M≈7 earthquakes. We identify several additional temporal variations in creep rate along the Hayward fault, the most important one being a zone of accelerating slip just northwest of the major locked zone. We estimate that a slip‐rate deficit equivalent to Mw 6.3–6.8 has accumulated on the fault, since the last event in 1868.
Key Points
Providing time‐dependent model of creep on the Hayward fault.Constraining the source area of the future large seismic event.Constraining the kinematic model of creep events.
Kiwi peels currently underutilized may be indicated as a source of natural functionalizing ingredients with several benefits for human health.
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•Pulp and peels of two kiwifruit ...varieties (green and red kiwi pulp) were explored.•Green kiwi pulp peel (PeGK) presented the highest content in phenolic compounds.•Red kiwi pulp revealed the presence of cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside.•The peels exhibited the highest antioxidant activity.•PeGK was the only extract that showed cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity.
Kiwis are an example of fruits with excellent bioactive properties worldwide appreciated and consumed generating tons of waste. Thus, the objective of this work was to compare two varieties of kiwi: Actinidia deliciosa cv. “Hayward” (green) and Actinidia spp. (red) regarding the nutritional value of their pulps, chemical composition and bioactivities of each pulp and peel. The results revealed that pulps have a high water content and low amount of other macronutrients. Both parts of red kiwi presented the highest tocopherols content and red kiwi pulp presented the highest content in ascorbic acid. In general, the peels exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and green kiwi peels showed cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity, which could be related to its higher content in phenolic compounds, especially B-type (epi)catechin dimer. Therefore, kiwi components currently underutilized may be indicated as a source of natural functionalizing ingredients with several benefits for human health.
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