Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- The paper discusses the area of sports socialization of the youth with the
focus on the role of parents as agents of sports ...socialization. The research
has three basic aims: a) to determine the outcome of sports socialization, as
well as characteristics and ways of parents engagement related to sports
activities with the youth; b) to specify the benefits of various factors and
mechanisms through which the parents act as agents of sports socialization in
the specific conditions of our environment; c) to define the content of
functional engagement of parents in sports activity of the youth. The
theoretical foundation of the paper relies on two motivation theories. The
first one is the achievement goal theory (AGT), firstly suggested for
application in sport by Duda, which implies that each person is goal oriented
and wants to demonstrate his/her competency. The second one is the
self-determination theory (SDT) by Deci and Ryan, which offers a
differentiated approach to motivation for participation in different
activities. This is a mixed-methods research (combining quantitative and
qualitative method) and is carried out in two phases: the first one
encompassed the quantitative research in a sample of young athletes (n=227)
aged 15 to 18 years, of both genders, competing within either individual or
team sport and their mothers (n=217) and fathers (n=180). The results
obtained in this research phase offer a broader inspection of the research
problem. The second phase included the qualitative research (focus – group
interviews with athletes and semi structured interviews with coaches). The
results of this phase enabled verification, deeper understanding and
interpretation of the quantitative data. The obtained results indicated that
engagement in sport positively affects young persons. Athletes are very
satisfied with their own performance and level of using their potentials.
While participating in sports activities, the youth experience high level of
vitality and positive feelings of moderate intensity, while negative feelings
are mostly not experienced. The quantitative phase data confirm the obtained
results and indicate that athletes closely relate the aforesaid feelings with
their sports performance. Task orientation is significantly higher than ego
orientation. The participants of the qualitative part of the research also
think that achievement of competition results for amateur athletes in our
environment are not prioritised. Athletes report that they satisfy their
needs for competence and autonomy to the great extent (i.e. IPLOC –– aspect
of autonomy) and that their motivation for engagement in sport is
predominantly intrinsic and well internalized external regulation. The
obtained results were confirmed in the qualitative part of the research. The
needs for competency and IPLOC are significant factors of development of
motivation to participate in sport (predictor power increases with the growth
of the motivation autonomy level), to achieve satisfaction, feel vital and
experience positive feelings, which is all in line with one of the central
SDT principles. According to the self-evaluation of both mothers and fathers,
in two-parent families, both parents are equally involved in sports
activities of the young ones. However, the athletes report contrary to their
parents about the level of their parents’ involvement in sport, which
indicates to existence of the Rashomon effect. The parents found more
significant the intrinsic than the extrinsic motives for the youth
involvement in sport. The most expressed is the development motive (more
represented with mothers compared to fathers), followed by peer meeting,
stimulation, and at the very end by extrinsic motivation. The research did
not result in relation between the parents goal orientation or motivational
climate created by parents and goal orientation of the youth. The obtained
results do not comply with the results of similar studies in other
environments. The perceived level of fathers’ supporting of autonomy, in a
small but significant level is correlated with satisfaction of basic
psychical needs of the youth in sport. There is a certain consistence between
the quantitative and qualitative data related to this group of results, which
gave basis for the following presumption: parents are significant agents of
sports socialization of the youth, but not in the aspects directly related to
sports success which is measured by achievement of results. In order to
establish specific contributions of the factors and mechanism the parents use
to affect sports socialization of the youth, followed by the examination of
possibilities to unify the AGT and SDT concepts, we created the models for
simultaneous examination of the relations between the variables. As the model
parameters are not satisfactory, the research results do not offer a
possibility to answer these questions. Some of the reasons might include a
low correlation between the variables and decreased variability between the
subjects. We think that the basis of the obtained results consists of a
series of factors which include features of sports activity in the period of
adolescence (coaches are the persons who lead sports development and direct
athletes to success achieving) as well as specific social environment
conditions due to which, sport is primarily perceived by parents as the so
called safe growing up context and not as the domain of result achieving.
Since the effects of sports socialization with almost all the youth who took
part in the research are positive, it was not possible to compare the content
of the engagement of those parents whose children experienced benefits and of
those whose children failed to benefit. Defining of the content of parents’
functional engagement is based on the data obtained in the qualitative phase
of the research. Parents provide basic and psychological support to the youth
for involvement in sport, without overprotecting them, they prompt them to
participate in sport but not necessarily to achieve competitive results.
Parents set clear boundaries between their own roles and the ones of a coach.
Additionally, parents stimulate development of independence of their children
in decision making related to sport, leaving the youth freedom to choose
which issues they would decide on their own. Parents redefine experiences,
acquired by the youth through participation in sport, and most often the
experiencing of success and failure. Parents have an open stance towards
sports functional value, i.e., they underline that by participating in sport,
the youth gain an opportunity to realize positive effects on psychological
plan, which can subsequently be used in other domains as well, for example in
school. The research completed and integrated knowledge on the effects of
sports socialization on the youth in our environment. Possible different
reporting of the youth and their parents about parents’ engagement in sports
activity of the youth was taken into consideration. The research encompassed
data that the respondents might not spontaneously recollect, including also
the data on the investigated phenomenon specific for our environment. The
metric characteristics of specifically sports scales were determined and a
scale was designed for assessment of the level of parents’ engagement in
sports activities of the youth. An insight was made on the content of
functional engagement of parents in sport of the youth in our environment.
The implications were set for further research as well as recommendations for
work of sports psychologist and coaches, together with the suggestions for
young athletes’ parents. This research did not confirm the results of the
existing research on connection between motivational climate oriented at
sport created by the parents and orientation of the young athletes towards
achievement of sports results. Based on the obtained results it is not
possible to give reply to the question about the possibilities of unification
of the concepts originating from the two theories.- Tema ovoga rada je sportska socijalizacija mladih, a poseban naglasak je
stavljen na ulogu roditelja mladih sportista u tom procesu. Istraživanje na
kom je rad zasnovan imalo je tri osnovna cilja: a) utvrđivanje efekata
sportske socijalizacije među mladima, kao i karakteristika i načina
angažovanja roditelja u vezi sa sportskom aktivnošću mladih; b) specifikacija
doprinosa raznih činilaca i mehanizama kojima roditelji deluju kao agensi
sportske socijalizacije u specifičnim uslovima naše sredine; c) definisanje
sadržaja funkcionalne uključenosti roditelja u sportsku aktivnost mladih.
Teorijsku osnovu rada čine dve teorije motivacije. Jedna je teorija ciljeva
(AGT), čiju je primenu u sportu među prvima predložila Duda i po kojoj je
svaka osoba usmerena ka nekom cilju i želi da demonstrira svoju
kompetentnost. Druga je teorija samoodređenja (SDT) Disija i Rajana, u kojoj
je izgrađen diferenciran pristup motivaciji za učestvovanje u različitim
aktivnostima. Ovo istraživanje je miks-metodsko (kombinuje kvantitativnu i
kvalitativnu metodu) i sprovedeno je u dve faze: u prvoj je realizovano
kvantitativno istraživanje na uzorku mladih sportista (n=227) uzrasta od 15
do 18 godina, oba pola, koji se takmiče u okviru individualnog ili ekipnog
sporta i njihovih majki (n=217) i očeva (n=180). Rezultati dobijeni u ovoj
fazi istraživanja pružaju širi uvid u istraživački problem. U drugoj fazi
realizovano je kvalitativno istraživanje (fokus-grupni intervjui sa
sportistima i roditeljima i polustrukturirani intervjui sa sportskim
trenerima). Rezultati ove faze omogućili su proveravanje, produbljeno
razumevanje i interpretaciju kvantitativnih podataka. Dobijeni rezultati
ukazuju na to da bavljenje sportom izaziva pozitivne efekte kod mladih.
Sportisti su veoma zadovoljni sopstvenim izvođenjem i stepenom u kojem
koriste sopstvene potencija
Cilj ovog rada bio je dobiti dublji uvid u proces poučavanja u treningu mlađih dobnih kategorija u odbojci. Miješani metodološki istraživački nacrt, u kojemu se kombiniralo sustavno promatranje i ...intervju, korišten je za istraživanje karaktera i sadržaja informacija koje treneri daju svojim sportašima tijekom procesa poučavanja. 28 mladih odbojkaških trenera, koji treniraju ekipe dobnih kategorija od 13 do 17 godina u amaterskim klubovima, intervjuirani su te je snimljen jedan njihov trening radi sustavnog promatranja. Rezultati intervjua su pokazali da su treneri usvojili dva načina poučavanja odbojkaških sadržaja: usavršavanje tehnike (vještine), koji je na tragu molekularnog (analitičnog) pristupa poučavanju, a fokusira se na biomehaničku učinkovitost, te na usavršavanje igre (sintetični pristup) u kojemu se koriste različite modificirane igre i natjecanje da bi se omogućila integracija tehničkih motoričkih znanja u situacijske uvjete igre. Međutim, profili trenerskoga ponašanja tijekom procesa poučavanja pokazali su da prevladava orijentacija prema usavršavanju tehničkih vještina. Ukupni sadržaj vezan uz odbojku koji su treneri prenosili igračima bio je namijenjen usavršavanju tehnike. Vrlo malo se poučavala individualna taktika, a još manje ekipna taktika. Prevladavanje tehničkog usavršavanja tijekom poučavanja odbojkaških sadržaja sugerira potrebu za produbljivanjem stručnoga usavršavanja trenera mlađih dobnih kategorija kako bi im se pomoglo da poboljšaju svoje kompetencije te promijene svoj pristup poučavanju.
