‘The US won a $7.5 Billion award from the World Trade Organization against the European Union, who has for many years treated the USA very badly on Trade due to Tariffs, Trade Barriers, and more. ...This case going on for years, a nice victory’, tweeted President Trump on 3 October 2019. The United States (US) won not only the highest amount of retaliation ever adjudicated in the history of the WTO but also an ongoing right to retaliate on an annual basis until such time as the EU had complied by either removing the subsidies it granted Airbus or somehow neutralizing their adverse effects on Boeing. In light of the facts of the case, this ruling has two major shortcomings. First, in sharp contrast with the statutory language and practice until now, the Arbitrator effectively introduced a permanent liability rule into the WTO system through the backdoor. Second, given the way the decision and the associated award has been written, it is simply impossible for the EU to comply because (a) the contested subsidies are no longer in existence and (b) no guidance has been provided on how the EU might go about removing their adverse effects on Boeing if it sought to achieve compliance. Thus, in all likelihood, the EU is saddled with a ruling that obligates it to cough up an annual sum of $7.5 billion USD for an indefinite time period.
Focusing on competitive dynamics, this study examines the strategic issues Boeing has faced in seeking to maintain its leading position in the airline industry. Boeing's status as a first mover in ...the aerospace industry has made it a world-leading company; however, the external environment and various pressures have allowed Airbus to emerge as a strong competitor. By conducting a descriptive case analysis, this paper identifies the competitive issues between these two giants, analyzing continuous action and reaction processes throughout the whole history of the airline industry. Finally, by examining Boeing's main strengths, business diversification options, and risk-taking culture, this paper suggests ways Boeing can retake its place as the industry leader.
With the widening of the US measures three weeks before the end of the Trump administration, it falls on Biden to find a solution for the Airbus-Boeing dispute.
In this paper, an optimization procedure based on multi-phase topology optimization is developed to determine the optimal stacking sequence of laminates made up of conventional plies oriented at ...−45°, 0°, 45 and 90°. The formulation relies on the SFP (Shape Functions with Penalization) parameterization, in which the discrete optimization problem is replaced by a continuous approach with a penalty to exclude intermediate values of the design variables. In this approach, the material stiffness of each physical ply is expressed as a weighted sum over the stiffness of the candidate plies corresponding to −45°, 0°, 45 and 90° orientations. In SFP, two design variables are needed for each physical ply in the laminate to parameterize the problem with respect to the 4 candidate orientations. Even if only constant stiffness laminates of constant thickness are considered in this paper, specific design rules used in aeronautics for composite panels (i.e., no more than a maximum number of consecutive plies with the same orientation in the stacking sequence) are however formulated and taken into account in the optimization problem. The methodology is demonstrated on an application. It is discussed how the different design rules can affect the solution.
The WTO concluded in 2012 that subsidized aeronautical research and development (R&D) gave Boeing a head start in product development that caused serious prejudice to the interests of Airbus but ...later, in 2019, it could not decide how long that head start had lasted. Meanwhile, the WTO concluded in 2018 that launch aid for Airbus aircraft led to innovations that also improved later aircraft models, thereby contributing to serious prejudice to the interests of Boeing. Both conclusions relied on a causation analysis that considered the effects of technological innovation, which makes subsidies used for R&D particularly vulnerable to challenge. This novel analysis may be too broad for the actionable subsidy disciplines of the SCM Agreement.
A duo hierarchical graph model for conflict resolution is developed to investigate market competition between Airbus and Boeing over aircraft sales in the Asia Pacific region. The duo hierarchical ...graph model, a significant extension of the graph model for conflict resolution methodology, contains two common decision makers, who take part in two related subconflicts, as well as local decision makers, who participate in only one subconflict. New stability definitions are proposed to describe forms of sanction unique to the hierarchical model. The interrelationships between stabilities in the overall graph model and in the two local models are investigated. Then the duo hierarchical graph model is applied to the competition between Airbus and Boeing in both the wide and narrow body markets in the Asia-Pacific region. The two types of Asian airlines have different operating strategies, so that the two markets constitute sub-competitions that can be modelled naturally using the duo hierarchical graph model. The stability results indicate a resolution for all decision makers that implies marketing strategies for the aircraft manufacturers and guidelines for aircraft purchase by the airlines. Thus, this model provides decision makers with a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of the comoetition and guidance in identifving beneficial actions.
The 150th anniversary of the Royal Aeronautical Society offers an ideal opportunity to reflect on the spirit of innovation and collaboration fostered by the Society and its members over the past ...century and a half. Dr Jean Botti, an engineer with 31 patents to his name and Chief Technical Officer at Airbus Group, reflects on key innovation milestones for both Airbus Group and the industry as a whole. He also discusses the benefits of collaboration between the RAeS members and industry, and looks forward to an exciting new era of discovery – from electric flight (e-flight) to ‘smarter skies’ and the future development of new modes of flight which can only be imagined today.
This study examined the worth of investing in Airbus and Boeing to determine which company yields better investment prospect in the future. In order to do so, the study compares Airbus and Boeing in ...terms of net income, earnings per share, and performance in terms of order intake and delivery. The study was limited to only the two major aircraft manufacturers which are Airbus and Boeing. Also, the study uses secondary data from 1999- 2013 from both Airbus and Boeing. All of the computations were derived using Minitab and MS excel. The study found that there is a significant difference between Boeing and Airbus’s net income stability with Boeing being more stable than Airbus. Also, their earnings per share, when compared, found that Boeing provided their investors with larger earnings. Lastly, when the performance of both companies was compared, there was a significant difference between Boeing and Airbus’s level of efficiency and it resulted in Boeing being more efficient. The findings indicate that Boeing is a wiser investment compared to Airbus. There has been a lot of arguments and literature comparing both Airbus and Boeing but none provides investors with information as to which company to choose. Because of the lack of research on this specific issue, this study aims to provide further information on Airbus and Boeing to investors.
Le système productif des activités aérospatiales à Toulouse connaît aujourd’hui de nouvelles transformations sous l’impulsion d’Airbus dont les objectifs de rentabilité sont tournés vers la ...production et la livraison d’avions suite à l’achèvement de plusieurs projets aéronautiques. Le paysage industriel de la métropole s’en trouve affecté par des aménagements qui renforcent les polarités d’activités au nord-ouest et au sud-ouest de l’agglomération et par l’apparition de fonctions nouvelles (logistiques, touristiques) liées aux activités aérospatiales. L’insertion urbaine de ces activités se révèle néanmoins problématique sur le plan des transports. Au-delà, la spécialisation économique accrue de la métropole s’inscrit dans l’organisation sans cesse plus mondialisée du secteur aérospatial.
Industriepolitik ist einer der schillerndsten Begriffe der Wirtschaftswissenschaften. Überwiegend wird Industriepolitik als unzulässiger Eingriff in den marktlichen Allokationsmechanismus abgelehnt. ...In der wirtschaftspolitischen Praxis findet sich Industriepolitik dagegen fast ausnahmslos in jedem Land und zu jeder Zeit. Der Autor beleuchtet kritisch die Divergenz zwischen theoretischer Empfehlung und empirischer Realität. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, eine industriepolitische Konzeption zu entwickeln, die sowohl der theoretischen Kritik als auch der Tatsache, daß in der Realität stets Industriepolitik betrieben wird, Rechnung trägt. Theoretische Grundlage hierfür ist die Integration verschiedener Ansätze der Wachstums- und Wettbewerbstheorie sowie der Theorie des Strukturwandels.
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