The paper contains translation of Confucian classical text Xiao Jing into Polish with analysis of early meaning of xiao, usually translated into English as a “filial piety.” Loving and caring for one ...parents while they are alive and offer sacrifices after their death is the core meaning of xiao. A person who learnt to obey and care for parents is able to extend that feeling to others outside the family. That makes xiao the root of ren — an exemplary behaviour towards all people. Hence learning how to behave in xiao way is first stage of Confucian self-developement. Traditionally ascribed to Confucius’ student Zengzi, Xiao Jing provides short but important insight into one of Confucian core ethical concepts.
The article was written in order to familiarize the reader with the genesis, development and basic assumptions of ancient Chinese philosophy. The first part presents the external and internal ...conditions that influenced the intense development of ideas in the Middle Kingdom in the period preceding the creation of the authoritarian Qin Empire in 221 BC. The second and third parts discusse the general assumptions of the most important philosophical schools, focusing in the third part on a detailed discussion of the main topic of Chinese philosophy, which is the retention of the social order, in the four main schools of thought: Confucianism, Legism, Mohism and Daoism. The main research method was the analysis of Chinese classical texts, carried out on the basis of the author’s own translations, which enabled deeper penetration into the raised issues. As a result, it was established that the philosophy of ancient China is above all a political philosophy, which results from the declared pragmatism of Chinese thinkers. The author compares selected aspects of Chinese thought with the West European thought, which allows partial reconciliation of both perspectives and makes it easier for the Western reader to approach the understanding of the far-eastern view of reality.
The commentary reflects on the contributions to the forum in light of the overall objectives of Snapshots from Home: Mind, Action and Strategy in an Uncertain World.
The development of the global market has created a need for global management ideas that can be overcome in practice by solving complex problems. The formation and development of global management ...ideas is strongly influenced by different cultural traditions and values of Eastern and Western cultures, which determine different management methods. The ability to organize production and manage processes on a global platform is critical to creating and maintaining high living standards. The vital foundation on which sustainable decisions in the field of management are based can have a strong impact on the fulfilment of humanity’s expectations for well-being and prosperity. The reasonable question therefore is: what value system could become the universal ethical framework that integrates different cultural traditions and worldviews and underpins the field global management? Intercultural ethics is one of the most recent research projects to analyze a wide range of ethical issues arising from the multidisciplinary perspective of societies and cultures. Intercultural ethics seeks to identify the existing different cultural, value beliefs, to define universal ethical principles on the basis of which intercultural decisions and agreements on the development, implementation, management and use of digital technologies are made. Different cultures disagree on common universal moral decisions because they are based on unique worldviews and value systems, and there is no universally accepted epistemically sound way to resolve such moral disagreements. The question is, what are the basic assumptions underpinning the impact of intercultural ethics on the theory of global management that would enable the common development and application of a system of universal ethical principles governing the development of global management processes in different regions and cultures of the world? The article hypothesizes that a synthesis of classical Aristotelian virtue ethics, Confucian ethics, and African ubuntu philosophical ethics could underpin intercultural ethics, embodying the universal ethical values of Western and Eastern cultures in global management theory.
Among the chief challenges for a "global" philosophy of religion is not merely that of including a more diverse array of religio-philosophies, but also that of interrogating and recalibrating its ...foundational categories of inquiry. Asian Philosophies and the Idea of Religion responds to both challenges, the former with respect to a variety of non-western, Greco-Roman, and Western-wisdom religio-philosophies, the latter, by critiquing the category of faith.
Subsistence smallholder economy known as the inherent production mode in ancient China hides a lot of mysteries. What is the philosophical framework behind it? How did it come about and last for two ...millenniums? Why did it lead China to a great prosperity in agricultural era but did not evolute furthermore? This paper offers as a tentative explanation a line of logic, where pan-humanist philosophy evolves a humanity basis and morality standard in economic practice along with Legalist approach.
Since the expansion of Japanese comic books throughout western countries, the so-called “manga style” has get attention from audiences and theorists. But how can we identify such Japaneseness? Trying ...to fulfill readers` interests, books have been published under the how-to-draw-manga label, usually highlighting the visual composition of characters, from clothes to facial expressions to hairstyle. From the academic perspective, particularities of page layout have been also considered since Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle`s idea of tabularity. Such structuralist perspective is also echoed by contemporary scholars such as Benoît Peeters and Thierry Groensteen. Investigations on what is called the “grammar of mangas” were also proposed by Neil Cohn or Scott McCloud (or at least based on his contributions). But what are they referring to by “manga”? Artists from all around the world translate mangas into transnational experiences. This study proposes a wider understanding of the manga narrative style and its particular aesthetic influence on readers. The study focuses on the Asian philosophies of Tao and Buddhism, identifying how their ideals are articulated to promote reader’s immersion in the narrative. The article investigates the visual representations of the Taoist idea of vacuum and the Zen idea of trivia, which characterize the visual and narrative fluidity of manga – especially those whose stories are based on everyday life.
This article discusses the significant topic of Indian Philosophy – the philosophical controversy between Vaiśeṣika and Buddhist thought. Usually, this debate is treated only within the context of ...Indian Philosophy, This article, however, emphasizes an unexpected and almost unexamined turn of the same controversy in China. The Chinese controversy stems from the translations of Buddhist texts into Chinese from the first centuries C.E. onwards that also included material on Brahmanic philosophy. The first part of the article discusses the philosophical assumptions as well as the main theories of both parties; the second presents a brief history of previous research, the tentative classification of sources, and finally – the most prominent cases of the dispute based on the analysis of primary sources.
This paper uses a completely innovative point of view to analyze The Change of Zhou – a comprehensive ancient Chinese philosophical work, which is composed of well-known Book of Change and its ...philosophical commentaries, so called The Commentaries of Change. The chapters of The Commentaries of Change like “Jicizhuan”, “Tuanci” and “Xiangci” are quoted in this paper and their meaning is explained, which is important for understanding the ancient Chinese cosmological concept of “the Unity of Heaven and Man”.
According to the Chinese perception of the Universe – Heaven, Earth and man are holistically connected and interdependent. Man is considered to be responsible for all his actions and it is emphasized that even the most trivial human activity causes the changes in the whole cosmic order. A human being is born not to indulge in carefree pleasures, but to choose himself a goal of spiritual growth i.e. self-cultivation through the stages of honest man (junzi), and wise man (shengren). He should also endeavor to establish and maintain harmony with nature and thus have a beneficial effect on all the beings and things in nature.
The article deals with the sources and principles of the famous Lithuanian philosopher Algis Mickūnas in emigration. The philosophy of Mickūnas covers the attitudes of phenomenology, Zen Buddhism, ...and intercultural studies. Mickūnas is characterized by a practical (ethical) approach, dialogical attitude, and attractive speaking instead of theoretical philosophizing. The characteristic of his speaking is that it is easy to listen to because of the anecdotes and stories, but difficult to understand because of the philosophical content behind them. According to his own words, he is "dancing" with the theories. The paper examines the five happiness principles of Algis Mickūnas, comparing them with the principles of Aristotle and Epicurus. These are 1) sharing and participation, 2) openness to the world, "floating" in it, 3) movement of ourselves and movement of others, 4) "drive" by enjoying life, 5) struggle while living life – reasoning afterward. The sources of these principles are discussed. The method of "boring" is used to comment on five quotations from two books.
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