Common law as something accepted by the rule of wisdom found in the very self of humans formed the earliest type of the legal systems of societies. In most of the legal systems of the world, common ...law is known as one of the most important resources and is of high significance. Most of the Islamic jurisprudents agree on the authority of common law as an independent or dependent reason or proof. In this regard, the jurisprudents have referred to reasons of the Book (Holy Quran), the Tradition (Sunna), and wisdom. Family laws are included as the most potential fields for the common law to play a significant role in updating the rules and placing them in the right path of recognizing the required components. Thus, by applying a descriptive-analytical method, the present study attempts at studying the function of common law in laws related to the family through investigating the nature, range of inclusion, and legitimacy of common law among the jurisprudents of different Islamic schools and sects as well as studying the opponents’ reasons for its documentary authority
Kazak Hanlığı, Doğu Deşt-i Kıpçak'ta kurulmuş ve kendi içlerinde cüz denilen muhtelif boy ve uruğları tek çatı altında toplamıştır. Lakin hanlık, tarihi boyunca da daimi olarak bitmek tükenmek ...bilmeyen siyasÎ kargaşa ortamı içerisinde kalmıştır. Çalışma içerisinde, Kazak Hanlığı'nın inşa edildiği karmaşık siyasÎ zemin temelden yani Cengiz Han döneminden başlanarak incelenmiştir. Devletlerin iç karışıklık sonucunda zayıfladıkları, zayıflayan devletlerin de bölünerek başka devletler oluşturdukları görülmüştür. Netice olarak da zayıflamaların sebebinin, adı geçen devletlerde güçlü bir otorite kurulamaması olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Güçlü otoriteye sahip olmayan devletlerin içerisinde yer alan kabileler, hanlıkların kurulup, yıkılmalarına önemli etkide bulunmuşlardır. Ayrıca kabilelerin, hanlık tahtına geçen hanların otoritelerine nüfuz ettikleri ve nüfuz etmeleri sonucunda yer aldıkları devleti zayıflattıkları tespit edilmiştir.
Through a focused and systematic examination of late medieval scholastic writers - theologians, philosophers and jurists - Joseph Canning explores how ideas about power and legitimate authority were ...developed over the 'long fourteenth century'. The author provides a new model for understanding late medieval political thought, taking full account of the intensive engagement with political reality characteristic of writers in this period. He argues that they used Aristotelian and Augustinian ideas to develop radically new approaches to power and authority, especially in response to political and religious crises. The book examines the disputes between King Philip IV of France and Pope Boniface VIII and draws upon the writings of Dante Alighieri, Marsilius of Padua, William of Ockham, Bartolus, Baldus and John Wyclif to demonstrate the variety of forms of discourse used in the period. It focuses on the most fundamental problem in the history of political thought - where does legitimate authority lie?
A pioneering model for constructing and assessing government authority and achieving policy goals more effectively
Regulation is frequently less successful than it could be, largely because the ...allocation of authority to regulatory institutions, and the relationships between them, are misunderstood. As a result, attempts to create new regulatory programs or mend under-performing ones are often poorly designed. Reorganizing Government explains how past approaches have failed to appreciate the full diversity of alternative approaches to organizing governmental authority. The authors illustrate the often neglected dimensional and functional aspects of inter-jurisdictional relations through in-depth explorations of several diverse case studies involving securities and banking regulation, food safety, pollution control, resource conservation, and terrorism prevention.
This volume advances an analytical framework of governmental authority structured along three dimensions—centralization, overlap, and coordination. Camacho and Glicksman demonstrate how differentiating among these dimensions better illuminates the policy tradeoffs of organizational alternatives, and reduces the risk of regulatory failure. The book also explains how differentiating allocations of authority based on governmental function can lead to more effective regulation and governance.
The authors illustrate the practical value of this framework for future reorganization efforts through the lens of climate change, an emerging and vital global policy challenge, and propose an “adaptive governance” infrastructure that could allow policy makers to embed the creation, evaluation, and adjustment of the organization of regulatory institutions into the democratic process itself.
Holy Scripture Webster, John
10/2003, Volume:
v.Series Number 1
eBook
May we speak, in the present age, of holy scripture? And what validation of that claim can be offered, robust enough to hold good for both religious practice and intellectual enquiry? John Webster ...argues that while any understanding of scripture must subject it to proper textual and historical interrogation, it is necessary at the same time to acknowledge the special character of scriptural writing. His 2003 book is an exercise in Christian dogmatics, a loud reaffirmation of the triune God at the heart of a scripture-based Christianity. But it is written with intellectual rigour by a theologian who understands the currents of modern secular thought and is able to work from them towards a constructive position on biblical authority. It will resonate with anyone who has wondered or worried about the grounds on which we may validly regard the Bible as God's direct communication with humanity.
The development of Islamic landscapes in Europe, is first and foremost related to Islamic authority. Religious authority relies on persuasiveness and deals with issues of truth, authenticity, ...legitimacy, trust, and ethics with reference to religious matters. This study argues that Islamic authority-making among European Muslims is a social and relational practice that is much broader and versatile than theological proficiency and personal status. It can also be conferred to objects, activities, and events. The book explores various ways in which Islamic authority is being constituted among Muslims in Western Europe with a particular focus on the role of ‘ordinary’ Muslims.
A feed-in tariff (FiT) framework has been implemented in Thailand since 2007 to encourage and stimulate the development of renewable energy. As a result, the capacity of solar photovoltaics (PVs) has ...increased significantly and has reached 1902MW. Nevertheless, the installation of PVs on rooftops in the residential sector accounts for only a minute percentage (0.003%) of the total capacity of installed PVs. In this paper, a feasibility analysis of grid-connected solar PV rooftops for households under the present feed-in tariff framework was performed. The results demonstrate that the current feed-in tariff is not sufficient to promote investment in PV rooftops in the residential sector under the current market situation. Moreover, in order to support the current framework, additional supportive measures including (1) an appropriate feed-in-tariff rate, (2) personal income tax exemptions, (3) carbon trading, and (4) low interest rate loans, were proposed, and their effects were evaluated. The low interest rate loan appears to be the best measure for promoting and stimulating investment in residential-scale PV rooftops without additional subsidy. The leverage effect of debt, with different debt portions, loan terms and interest rates, was investigated to suggest a suitable policy.
•Thailand's feed in tariff framework is not sufficient to promote residential PV rooftops.•The effects of proposed additional financially supportive measures are evaluated.•The low interest rate loan is suggested for promoting residential PV rooftops.•Appropriate loan conditions and fund raising mechanism are proposed.
Global governance is an important and increasingly popular topic of inquiry. Nonetheless, existing research remains too statist, privileging states and limiting other forms of governance to the ...interstices of state power. Drawing on social contract theory, I offer an alternative approach that begins with the central role of authority in political life and develops a synthetic understanding of governance that applies equally to its myriad forms. I argue that we have, as a discipline, relied on a formal-legal conception of authority that is inappropriate to an international setting and has unduly limited enforcement to violence. I propose that global governance and its many forms can be understood and unified by a concept of relational authority, which treats authority as a social contract in which a governor provides a political order of value to a community in exchange for compliance by the governed with the rules necessary to produce that order. This conception of relational authority is followed by three illustrations of its central logic in (i) stateto-state hierarchy by the United States over Caribbean states, (ii) supranational authority by the World Trade Organization over member states, and (iii) private authority by credit rating agencies over corporations and sovereign borrowers. The conclusion outlines the research agenda that follows from this approach.
