Mesothelioma affects mostly older individuals who have been occupationally exposed to asbestos. The global mesothelioma incidence and mortality rates are unknown, because data are not available from ...developing countries that continue to use large amounts of asbestos. The incidence rate of mesothelioma has decreased in Australia, the United States, and Western Europe, where the use of asbestos was banned or strictly regulated in the 1970s and 1980s, demonstrating the value of these preventive measures. However, in these same countries, the overall number of deaths from mesothelioma has not decreased as the size of the population and the percentage of old people have increased. Moreover, hotspots of mesothelioma may occur when carcinogenic fibers that are present in the environment are disturbed as rural areas are being developed. Novel immunohistochemical and molecular markers have improved the accuracy of diagnosis; however, about 14% (high‐resource countries) to 50% (developing countries) of mesothelioma diagnoses are incorrect, resulting in inadequate treatment and complicating epidemiological studies. The discovery that germline BRCA1‐asssociated protein 1 (BAP1) mutations cause mesothelioma and other cancers (BAP1 cancer syndrome) elucidated some of the key pathogenic mechanisms, and treatments targeting these molecular mechanisms and/or modulating the immune response are being tested. The role of surgery in pleural mesothelioma is controversial as it is difficult to predict who will benefit from aggressive management, even when local therapies are added to existing or novel systemic treatments. Treatment outcomes are improving, however, for peritoneal mesothelioma. Multidisciplinary international collaboration will be necessary to improve prevention, early detection, and treatment.
Breast cancer 1-associated protein 1 (BAP1) is a nuclear deubiquitinase that regulates gene expression, transcription, DNA repair, and more. Several findings underscore the apparent driver role of ...BAP1 in malignant mesothelioma (MM). However, the reported frequency of somatic BAP1 mutations in MM varies considerably, a discrepancy that appeared related to either methodological or ethnical differences across various studies.
To address this discrepancy, we carried out comprehensive genomic and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses to detect somatic BAP1 gene alterations in 22 frozen MM biopsies from U.S. MM patients.
By combining Sanger sequencing, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, copy number analysis, and cDNA sequencing, we found alteration of BAP1 in 14 of 22 biopsies (63.6%). No changes in methylation were observed. IHC revealed normal nuclear BAP1 staining in the eight MM containing wild-type BAP1, whereas no nuclear staining was detected in the 14 MM biopsies containing tumor cells with mutated BAP1. Thus, IHC results were in agreement with those obtained by genomic analyses. We then extended IHC analysis to an independent cohort of 70 MM biopsies, of which there was insufficient material to perform molecular studies. IHC revealed loss of BAP1 nuclear staining in 47 of these 70 MM biopsies (67.1%).
Our findings conclusively establish BAP1 as the most commonly mutated gene in MM, regardless of ethnic background or other clinical characteristics. Our data point to IHC as the most accessible and reliable technique to detect BAP1 status in MM biopsies.
In recent years, the conditions in routine mesothelioma practice have changed dramatically. These changes include (1) the aging of patients, (2) the introduction of a combination of immune checkpoint ...inhibitors (nivolumab plus ipilimumab) that is superior to conventional chemotherapy, and (3) advances in the pathological diagnosis of cytology specimens, small biopsy tissue, and early-stage lesions. This review article outlines (i) the WHO 2021 classification, which for the first time introduced the category of "benign and preinvasive mesothelial tumors" including mesothelioma in situ, (ii) the morphological ancillary assays based on genetic alterations of mesotheliomas that enabled the diagnosis of the new disease category, and (iii) its application to cytology, followed by (iv) an overview of the genetic alterations in mesothelial tumors and mesothelioma subtypes. Given that over 80% of pleural mesotheliomas initially present with pleural effusions, the role of cytology is expected to become more important. However, there are caveats and pitfalls associated with the application of ancillary assays, and the careful management and evaluation are desirable. Furthermore, diagnosing mesothelioma is challenging for pathologists alone, so it is essential that the results of histology and ancillary assays always be assessed and interpreted together with clinical and imaging findings.
Sepsis and its associated organ dysfunction syndrome is a leading cause of death in critically ill patients. Breast cancer susceptibility protein 1 (BRCA1)-associated protein 1 (BAP1) is a potential ...regulator in immune regulation and inflammatory responses. This study aims to investigate the function of BAP1 in sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). A mouse model with sepsis-induced AKI was induced by cecal ligation and puncture, and renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic an AKI condition in vitro. BAP1 was significantly poorly expressed in the kidney tissues of model mice and the LPS-treated RTECs. Artificial upregulation of BAP1 ameliorated the pathological changes, tissue injury and inflammatory responses in kidney tissues of the mice, and it reduced the LPS-induced injury and apoptosis of the RTECs. BAP1 was found to interact with BRCA1 and enhance stability of BRCA1 protein through deubiquitination modification. Further downregulation of BRCA1 activated the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and blocked the protective roles of BAP1 in sepsis-induced AKI. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that BAP1 protects mice from sepsis-induced AKI through enhancing stability of BRCA1 protein and inactivating the NF-κB signaling.
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•BAP1 is poorly expressed in renal tissues of neonatal mice with sepsis.•BAP1 overexpression alleviates sepsis-induced AKI in neonatal mice.•BAP1 overexpression alleviates LPS-induced injury in RTECs.•BAP1 enhances stability of BRCA1 protein through deubiquitination modification.•Downregulation of BRCA1 blocks the protective role of BAP1.
Due to their stem-like characteristics and immunosuppressive properties, Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offer remarkable potential in regenerative medicine. Much effort has been devoted to enhancing ...the efficacy of MSC therapy by enhancing MSC migration. In this study, we identified deubiquitinase BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1) as an inhibitor of MSC migration. Using deubiquitinase siRNA library screening based on an in vitro wound healing assay, we found that silencing BAP1 significantly augmented MSC migration. Conversely, BAP1 overexpression reduced the migration and invasion capabilities of MSCs. BAP1 depletion in MSCs upregulates ERK phosphorylation, thereby increasing the expression of the migration factor, osteopontin. Further examination revealed that BAP1 interacts with phosphorylated ERK1/2, deubiquitinating their ubiquitins, and thus attenuating the ERK signaling pathway. Overall, our study highlights the critical role of BAP1 in regulating MSC migration through its deubiquitinase activity, and suggests a novel approach to improve the therapeutic potential of MSCs in regenerative medicine. BMB Reports 2024; 57(5): 250-255
Since its discovery forty years ago, protein ubiquitination has been an ever-expanding field. Virtually all biological processes are controlled by the post-translational conjugation of ubiquitin onto ...target proteins. In addition, since ubiquitin controls substrate degradation through the action of hundreds of enzymes, many of which represent attractive therapeutic candidates, harnessing the ubiquitin system to reshape proteomes holds great promise for improving disease outcomes. Among the numerous physiological functions controlled by ubiquitin, the cell cycle is among the most critical. Indeed, the discovery that the key drivers of cell cycle progression are regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) epitomizes the connection between ubiquitin signaling and proliferation. Since cancer is a disease of uncontrolled cell cycle progression and proliferation, targeting the UPS to stop cancer cells from cycling and proliferating holds enormous therapeutic potential. Ubiquitination is reversible, and ubiquitin is removed from substrates by catalytic proteases termed deubiquitinases or DUBs. While ubiquitination is tightly linked to proliferation and cancer, the role of DUBs represents a layer of complexity in this landscape that remains poorly captured. Due to their ability to remodel the proteome by altering protein degradation dynamics, DUBs play an important and underappreciated role in the cell cycle and proliferation of both normal and cancer cells. Moreover, due to their enzymatic protease activity and an open ubiquitin binding pocket, DUBs are likely to be important in the future of cancer treatment, since they are among the most druggable enzymes in the UPS. In this review we summarize new and important findings linking DUBs to cell cycle and proliferation, as well as to the etiology and treatment of cancer. We also highlight new advances in developing pharmacological approaches to attack DUBs for therapeutic benefit.
BRCA-1 associated protein 1 (BAP1) tumour predisposition syndrome (TPDS) is a hereditary condition characterised by germline mutation of the tumour suppressor BAP1. This disorder is associated with ...the development of various benign and malignant tumours, mainly involving the skin, eyes, kidneys, and mesothelium. In this article, we report the case of a man recruited through the Apulia (Southern Italy) Mesothelioma Regional Operational Centre of the National Register of Mesotheliomas, who suffered from uveal melanoma, renal cancer, and mesothelioma, and a familial cluster of BAP1 germline mutations demonstrated by molecular analyses. The family members of the proband developed multiple malignancies. As tumours arising in this context have specific peculiarities in terms of clinical behaviour, identification of this condition through appropriate genetic counselling should be considered for adequate primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention measures for offspring.
The deubiquitinating enzyme BAP1 is a tumor suppressor, among others involved in cholangiocarcinoma. BAP1 has many proposed molecular targets, while its Drosophila homolog is known to deubiquitinate ...histone H2AK119. We introduce BAP1 loss-of-function by CRISPR/Cas9 in normal human cholangiocyte organoids. We find that BAP1 controls the expression of junctional and cytoskeleton components by regulating chromatin accessibility. Consequently, we observe loss of multiple epithelial characteristics while motility increases. Importantly, restoring the catalytic activity of BAP1 in the nucleus rescues these cellular and molecular changes. We engineer human liver organoids to combine four common cholangiocarcinoma mutations (TP53, PTEN, SMAD4, and NF1). In this genetic background, BAP1 loss results in acquisition of malignant features upon xenotransplantation. Thus, control of epithelial identity through the regulation of chromatin accessibility appears to be a key aspect of BAP1’s tumor suppressor function. Organoid technology combined with CRISPR/Cas9 provides an experimental platform for mechanistic studies of cancer gene function in a human context.
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•BAP1 loss affects cell polarity and epithelial organization in human liver tissue•BAP1 controls chromatin accessibility of junctional and cytoskeletal genes•Rescuing BAP1 catalytic activity in the nucleus restores epithelial organization•In an engineered human cancer model, malignant features are induced upon BAP1 loss
Artegiani et al. show that BAP1 mutation in human liver organoids coincides with loss of multiple epithelial characteristics through impairment of chromatin accessibility and gene expression, and this is critical for the acquisition of malignant features in a human model of cholangiocarcinoma.
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