Volcanic ash plumes, emitted by the Eyjafjallajökull volcano (Iceland) in spring 2010, were observed by the lidar systems MULIS and POLIS in Maisach (near Munich, Germany), and by a CIMEL Sun ...photometer and a JenOptik ceilometer in Munich. We retrieve mass concentrations of volcanic ash from the lidar measurements; spectral optical properties, i.e. extinction coefficients, backscatter coefficients, and linear depolarization ratios, are used as input for an inversion. The inversion algorithm searches for model aerosol ensembles with optical properties that agree with the measured values within their uncertainty ranges. The non-sphericity of ash particles is considered by assuming spheroids. Optical particle properties are calculated using the T-matrix method supplemented by the geometric optics approach. The lidar inversion is applied to observations of the pure volcanic ash plume in the morning of 17 April 2010. We find 1.45 g m−2 for the ratio between the mass concentration and the extinction coefficient at λ = 532 nm, assuming an ash density of 2.6 g cm−3. The uncertainty range for this ratio is from 0.87 g m−2 to 2.32 g m−2. At the peak of the ash concentration over Maisach the extinction coefficient at λ = 532 nm was 0.75 km−1 (1-h-average), which corresponds to a maximum mass concentration of 1.1 mg m−3 (0.65 to 1.8 mg m−3). Model calculations show that particle backscatter at our lidar wavelengths (λ ≤ 1064 nm), and thus the lidar retrieval, is hardly sensitive to large particles (r ≳ 3 μm); large particles, however, may contain significant amounts of mass. Therefore, as an independent cross check of the lidar retrieval and to investigate the presence of large particles in more detail, we model ratios of sky radiances in the aureole of the Sun and compare them to measurements of the CIMEL. These ratios are sensitive to particles up to r ≈ 10 μm. This approach confirms the mass concentrations from the lidar retrieval. We conclude that synergistic utilization of high quality lidar and Sun photometer data, in combination with realistic aerosol models, is recommended for improving ash mass concentration retrievals.
PREMISE
State‐sponsored weather stations became ubiquitous by the 1880s, yet many old climate data and phenological observations still need to be digitized and made accessible.
METHODS
We here make ...available flowering times for 450 species of herbs and shrubs gathered in 1844 by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (1794–1868), director of the Munich Botanical Garden. The data formed part of the world’s third‐oldest phenological monitoring network as we explain in a brief overview of the history of such networks. Using data from one of the world’s oldest continuously functioning weather stations, Hohenpeißenberg, we relate temperature to flowering in three species with short flowering times and herbarium collections made since 1844 within the city’s perimeter, namely, Anemone patens, A. pulsatilla, and Arum maculatum.
RESULTS
Mean advances in flowering dates were 1.3–2.1 days/decade or 3.2–4.2 days/1°C warming. These advances are in keeping with similar advances in other European herbs during more recent periods.
CONCLUSIONS
Future studies might use the 1844 flowering data made available here as a source of information on the availability of particular flowers for specialized pollinators including insects looking for oviposition sites, such as the Psychoda flies that become trapped in Arum inflorescences. Another use of Martius’s 1844 data would be their incorporation into larger‐scale analyses of flowering in southern‐central Europe.
The uranium (U) isotopic composition (δ238U) of limestones is increasingly used to quantitatively track changes in paleoredox conditions of the global ocean. However, many limestones have undergone ...significant dolomitization during diagenesis. To assess the potential impact of diagenetic changes on the U isotope composition of dolomitized rocks, we examined the uranium isotopic composition of a Jurassic carbonate platform of the Franconian Alb in Southern Germany. This platform underwent dolomitization during shallow burial due to the supply of magnesium-rich fluids in the form of slightly modified seawater. This type of dolomitization is common in the geologic record. The carbonate platform of the Franconian Alb can therefore serve as an example for many dolomitized carbonate platforms.
A positive correlation between the concentrations of redox sensitive elements (e.g., Re and V) and δ238U confirms that the authigenic uptake of U under reducing conditions preferentially incorporates U enriched in 238U. This positive correlation between redox sensitive elements and δ238U does not change within the dolomitized interval, suggesting that the δ238U is not altered during shallow burial dolomitization of limestones. Therefore, our results indicate that dolostones can retain information about secular variations in seawater δ238U.
The diagenetic uptake of U shifts δ238U of bulk carbonate sediments to values heavier than contemporaneous seawater. The magnitude of this offset correlates with the level of authigenic enrichment of redox sensitive elements in our sample set. Samples with high Re and V concentrations and high Re/Mo ratios are the most enriched in 238U. This positive correlation could be used to constrain the amount of diagenetic offset of bulk δ238U values from seawater. This is particularly important in carbonate systems that had a primary calcitic mineralogy. Primary calcite precipitates have low U concentrations and so small amounts of 238U uptake during diagenesis can have a significant impact on the bulk composition.
The samples with the most depleted δ238U values have high Mo concentrations and low Re/Mo ratios. As carbonate sediments are generally Mo poor, the high Mo concentrations suggests that the depleted δ238U values might be linked to a manganese cycle that operated across the sediment-water interface during the deposition of this Jurassic carbonate platform.
•Early dolomitization by seawater-like fluids appears to not change δ238U of carbonate rocks.•Some dolostones are comparable to limestones in their ability to record variations of δ238U.•δ238U values lower than seawater might be linked to a Mn cycle across the sediment-water interface.
The first navigable canal across the main European watershed in southern Germany was the most ambitious and visionary hydro-engineering project of the Early Middle Ages, known as Charlemagne’s Fossa ...Carolina. Hydrological conditions would have been crucial for both the construction process and subsequent navigability. Written sources specify that heavy rain was a crucial factor for the abandonment of the project in late 793 CE, a few months after digging began. Our understanding of past climate variability in this region is, however, limited by the lack of high-resolution proxy archives. Here, we use annually resolved and absolutely dated ring-width measurements of 2469 drought sensitive oaks (Quercus sp.) from Bavaria, Germany, to reconstruct regional changes in hydroclimate back to 500 CE. Periods of anomalously dry summers occurred from ∼600 to 800, ∼900–1000, ∼1200–1400 and ∼1700–1900 CE, whereas increased humidity characterized the 9th century, High Middle Ages (11th–12th century) and the 17th century CE. Relatively dry conditions during the construction period favoured the building progress of the Fossa Carolina. However, the heavy rain which stopped the project in 793 CE is not reflected in radial oak growth. This is likely related to i) the historically recorded event happened outside the growing season and ii) compared to dry extremes, wet extremes are generally less pronounced in tree-ring width. Nevertheless, our results provide the first local hydroclimate reconstruction covering the entire Early Middle Ages and thus, placing the Fossa Carolina in a long-term high-resolution environmental perspective.
•First palaeoclimate study on Charlemagne’s attempt to bridge the European watershed.•Dry and favourable conditions persisted during the Fossa Carolina construction.•Tree rings show no evidence of a historically recorded pluvial extreme in 793 CE.•A 1500-year hydroclimate reconstruction is performed on the basis of regional oaks.•Hydroclimatic extreme years from Late Antiquity to the recent period are detected.
Background. Despite numerous works devoted to the study of National Socialism and the biography of A. Hitler, in domestic historiography there are no works devoted to how the process of the formation ...of fascism in Germany and, in particular, the phenomenon of the “Beer Hall Putsch” was reflected in Soviet periodicals. This historiographical situation determines the purpose of this article – to study the process of depicting the most im-portant episode in the development of National Socialism on the pages of Soviet newspapers. Materials and methods. To answer the questions posed in the work, materials from Soviet newspapers of 1923 were used. Moreover, not only reports and a few analytical ma-terials from central newspapers, but also provincial publications were analyzed. Results. As a result of the study, the author came to the conclusion that Soviet newspapers formed their idea of the “Beer Hall Putsch” in Munich based on information from Western agencies, newspapers and radio intercepts. The Soviet press told readers that in the autumn of 1923 the threat of the fascists seizing power began to be embodied in concrete actions. At the beginning of November, Bavaria presented an ultimatum to the imperial government. The newspapers described the unfolding events in detail. The first news of the “putsch” was transmitted to Moscow by “Pravda” own correspondent in Berlin around midday on November 9, and the first reports appeared in the newspapers a day later. The newspapers devoted much attention to the reasons for the failure of the coup. First of all, the treacherous role of Gustav von Kahr and Otto von Lossow was noted. The most combat-ready part of the fascists, Hermann Ehrhardt’s brigade, did not support Hitler’s speech, and neither did parts of the Reichswehr, as Hitler had counted on. Hitler’s speech did not find support among his supporters throughout Germany. The all-German government was supported by the Social Democrats. An important factor was the position of France, which declared the inadmissibility of the formation of a nationalist dictatorship. Conclusions. In general, it can be noted that Soviet newspapers, drawing mainly on information from Western media, cov-ered the events of the “Beer Hall Putsch” quite objectively and in detail.
Dams interrupt the sediment continuum in rivers by retaining the bedload; combined with flow diversion, bedload retention in tributaries and river engineering measures, this causes a bedload deficit ...leading to changes in river planform and morphodynamics, with potentially detrimental downstream effects. As part of the SedAlp joint project (Sediment management in Alpine basins: integrating sediment continuum, risk mitigation and hydropower), this study investigates changes within a section of the dammed river Isar between the Sylvenstein reservoir and the city of Bad Tölz.
We use a multi-method approach on a range of spatial and temporal scales. First, we analysed historical maps and aerial photos to analyse river planform and landcover changes within the river corridor of the whole study area on a temporal scale of over 100years. Results show that major changes occurred before the construction of the Sylvenstein reservoir, suggesting that present morphodynamics represent the reaction to different disturbances on different time scales. Second, changes in mean bed elevation of cross profiles regularly surveyed by the water authorities are analysed in light of artificial sediment insertion and floods; they are also used to estimate the sediment budget of river reaches between consecutive cross profiles. Results suggest stability and a slight tendency towards incision, especially near the Sylvenstein reservoir; further downstream, the sediment balance was positive. Third, we acquired multitemporal aerial photos using an unmanned aerial vehicle and generated high-resolution digital elevation models to show how sediment artificially inserted in the river corridor is entrained. Depending on the position of the artificial deposits in relation to the channel, the deposits are entrained during floods of different return periods.
Abstract
To increase the use of geothermal energy in Bavaria, the subsurface, which serves as a reservoir, must be explored as precisely as possible. In the projects of the Geothermal‐Alliance ...Bavaria, the most promising areas for geothermal exploration in Bavaria were characterised based on an extensive geomechanical laboratory testing program which was carried out on both drill cores and analogue samples from quarries. In the North Alpine Foreland Basin (SE Germany), the geomechanical test results on Upper Jurassic carbonate rocks show a high heterogeneity. On the contrary, in the Franconian Basin (NE Bavaria) the geomechanical properties of granite analogues are rather homogenous. For the numerical simulation of the borehole stability, the determined parameters from ultrasonic‐ and compression tests serve as input parameters for different scenarios. For both locations, the determination of the failure depth around the borehole and the stress distribution in the near‐field of the borehole were accomplished. In the North Alpine Foreland Basin, the borehole stability decreases with increasing depth. For all scenarios in NE Bavaria, the borehole stability is very low. In the future, the determined parameter ranges will allow to validate already existing models and to develop new ones. This will enable a better knowledge of the sedimentary and crystalline reservoirs and a more effective use of geothermal energy in Bavaria.
Abstract
Um die Nutzung der Geothermie in Bayern zu steigern, müssen die Reservoire im Untergrund möglichst genau erkundet werden. In den Projekten der Geothermie‐Allianz Bayern wurden die vielversprechendsten Gebiete für die geothermische Erkundung in Bayern auf der Grundlage eines umfangreichen geomechanischen Laborversuchsprogramms charakterisiert, das sowohl an Bohrkernen als auch an Analogproben aus Steinbrüchen durchgeführt wurde. Im nördlichen Vorlandbecken der Alpen (SO Deutschland) zeigen die geomechanischen Testergebnisse an oberjurassischen Karbonatgesteinen eine hohe Heterogenität. Im Gegensatz dazu sind im Fränkischen Becken (Nordostbayern) die geomechanischen Eigenschaften von analogen Graniten eher homogen. Für die numerische Simulation der Bohrlochstabilität dienen die ermittelten Parameter aus Ultraschall‐ und Druckversuchen als Eingangsgrößen für verschiedene Szenarien. Für beide Standorte wurden die Versagenstiefe um das Bohrloch und die Spannungsverteilung im Nahfeld des Bohrlochs bestimmt. Im nördlichen Vorlandbecken der Alpen nimmt die Bohrlochstabilität mit zunehmender Tiefe ab. Für alle Szenarien in NO Bayern ist die Bohrlochstabilität sehr gering. Die ermittelten Parameterbereiche werden es in Zukunft ermöglichen, bereits bestehende Modelle zu validieren und neue zu entwickeln. Dies wird eine bessere Kenntnis der sedimentären und kristallinen Reservoire und eine effektivere Nutzung der geothermischen Energie in Bayern ermöglichen.
The paper discusses the connection of the foundational economy approach, a contemporary concept in the public services discourse, with the notion of spatial justice. It argues that the economic ...relevance of the systems of the foundational economy are important for territorial development issues, too and that they are able to provide a substantial contribution to sustainable and just spatial development. First, the concept of spatial justice is introduced as a spatial planning policy interpretation of equal living conditions. Based on four sub-dimensions, it is shown that access to basic services for all people plays an elementary part in this. The concept shares this perspective with the foundational economy approach. The latter opens up a new perspective on public services and, in addition to the service provision, also emphasises the high significance of foundational economic systems for labour markets. Against this background, a descriptive-statistical evaluation of labour market data on the spatial distribution of the foundational economy at the district level in Bavaria is carried out. Overall, the paper addresses the uneven spatial distribution of the foundational economies and advocates better funding for municipalities in order to achieve spatial justice.
The paper discusses the connection of the foundational economy approach, a contemporary concept in the public services discourse, with the notion of spatial justice. It argues that the economic relevance of the systems of the foundational economy are important for territorial development issues, too and that they are able to provide a substantial contribution to sustainable and just spatial development. First, the concept of spatial justice is introduced as a spatial planning policy interpretation of equal living conditions. Based on four sub-dimensions, it is shown that access to basic services for all people plays an elementary part in this. The concept shares this perspective with the foundational economy approach. The latter opens up a new perspective on public services and, in addition to the service provision, also emphasises the high significance of foundational economic systems for labour markets. Against this background, a descriptive-statistical evaluation of labour market data on the spatial distribution of the foundational economy at the district level in Bavaria is carried out. Overall, the paper addresses the uneven spatial distribution of the foundational economies and advocates better funding for municipalities in order to achieve spatial justice.
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