Black nightshade (
) typically grows as a weed species, but it is also widely used as an herb to treat stomach ulcers and dermal infections in many countries (Jabamalairaj et al. 2019). In April ...2023, extensive root galls similar to those associated with by root-knot nematodes (RKNs),
spp., were observed on the roots of black nightshade in several commercial fields in Lufeng county (22°55'57.44″N, 115°33'10.31″E), Guangdong Province, China. Upon inspection, there were one to several female RKN in each gall, and egg masses protruding through the root surface. The disease incidence rate was more than 90% in each field using the random sampling method. The nematode population densities in the samples ranged from 279 to 656 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2s) per gram of fresh roots. Females and egg masses were collected from the roots, and egg masses were incubated in sterile water at 25°C to obtain J2s. Males were not collected in root galling or soil samples. The J2 tail is thin with a broad, bluntly pointed tip, and a clearly defined hyaline tail terminus. Measurements of J2 (n = 20) included: L= 440 ± 30.5 (384 to 500) µm, stylet = 12.3 ± 0.7 (11.3 to 13.7) µm, tail = 51.6 ± 2.4 (47.9 to 57.0) µm. For females (n = 15), vulval slit length = 25.5 ±1.9 (23.6 to 29.1) µm, vulval slit to anus distance = 22.1 ± 3.0 (18.2 to 27.0) µm. Stylet knobs in females are divided longitudinally by a groove so that each knob appears as two. The perineal patterns are round to ovoid, with coarse and smooth striae, moderate to high dorsal arch and mostly lacking distinct lateral lines. Morphological characteristics from J2s and perineal patterns from adult females fit the original description of
(Yang and Eisenback 1983). Furthermore, species identity was explored by sequencing the D2-D3 region of the 28S rRNA gene using primers D2A/D3B (Vrain et al. 1992), and the mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) genes using primers JB3/JB5 (Derycke et al. 2005). The sequences for the target genes were 759 bp (GenBank Accession No. OR046056) and 447 bp (GenBank Accession No. OR042802), respectively. The BLAST analysis suggested 98.17~99.78% similarities to other available
sequences in GenBank. Species identity was further confirmed with the species-specific primer pair Me-F/Me-R (Long et al. 2006). An approximately 240 bp PCR product was produced, which was previously reported only for
, whereas no product was obtained from control populations of
or
. The pathogenicity test was conducted in a greenhouse at 28°C using seedlings of
maintained in pots containing 500 cm
sterilized soil. Ten replicates were inoculated with 800 eggs and J2s of the original population of
, while another 10 replicates of control plants were not inoculated. After 7 weeks, the inoculated plants exhibited galling symptoms similar to plants observed in the field, and females and egg masses were obtained by dissecting galls. No galling symptoms were observed on control plants. These results confirmed the nematode's pathogenicity. To our knowledge, this is the first record of
parasitizing black nightshade.
stands out as a highly deleterious variant among the species of RKNs owing to its extensive repertoire of host plants, pathogenicity, and proficiency in thriving and multiplying even on crops possessing resistance genes (Sikandar, 2022). In addition to being a medicinal plant,
is a widespread weed found in fields throughout China. This report also showed that
could play an important role as a reservoir host of
aiding its survival, reproduction, spread, and increasing the potential damage for host crops.
•Ex vitro clonal genotypes have lower pollen and seed viabilities than wild type.•Berry numbers and seed sets of clones decrease after micropropagation.•Embryonic and endosperm tissues in clonal ...genotypes are abnormal.
Solanum nigrum is an underutilised vegetable that accumulates high leaf nutrient levels. Although numerous micropropagation protocols are reported for its mass production, there have been no follow-on studies detailing the pollen and seed viabilities of clones or clonal genotypes. It is important to determine these viabilities in cases where the inheritance of desired traits in the F1 progenies of micropropagated clones are required. In the present study, two high Fe-accumulating S. nigrum genotypes (G6 and G15) identified in a previous investigation were clonally propagated and acclimatised until sexual maturity using an established protocol. Following flower and fruit production, viability tests were performed on clonal pollen (Lugol's staining) and seeds (tetrazolium chloride test) in addition to determinations of berry and seed numbers, seed set, seed length, weight, germination and ultrastructure. A wild type (WT) population was used as the control. Compared to the WT population (82%, 75%, 200, 11,400, 57 and 51%), the G6 and G15 clones, respectively, resulted in significantly lower pollen (51 and 39%) and seed viabilities (4 and 17%), berry (23 and 16) and seed (162 and 116) numbers, seed sets (7 and 7) and germination (7 and 8%). Microscopic analyses revealed normal, abnormal, viable and nonviable pollen and seeds for G6, G15 and the WT in addition to abnormal or damaged embryonic and endosperm tissues for both clonal genotypes. Micropropagation of S. nigrum genotypes decreases their clonal pollen and seed viabilities, berry and seed production, and germination success of their F1 progenies.
The berries of black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) are consumed as a favorite fruit in some regions and have been reported to possess a range of biological activities. Previous studies have found ...that the steroidal saponins from the berries of S. nigrum (SN) showed potential antileukemic activity, although the underlying mechanism remains to be revealed. This study investigated the effects and mechanisms of SN in combination with adriamycin to reverse leukemia multidrug resistance in vivo and in vitro. The results indicated that the combination of SN and adriamycin displayed enhanced suppression ability both in vitro and in vivo by the modulation of drug efflux proteins. Further study revealed that SN and adriamycin co-treatment induced cell apoptosis in K562/ADR cells through caspase pathways and autophagy through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK signaling pathway. This study provides a new prospect of the berries of black nightshade in multidrug resistance therapy of cancer.
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•Black nightshade and spinach phenolics and bioactivity were studied.•Total phenolics and flavonoids were either unchanged or reduced after boiling.•Phenolics and TEAC activity was ...reduced after the in vitro digestion of vegetables.•All vegetable extracts prevented the oxidative damage of Caco-2 and L929 cell lines.•Oxidative damage of DNA was prevented by all vegetable extracts.
Solanum nigrum complex (Black nightshade) is a wild leafy vegetable with phenolic antioxidant compounds related to the reduction of oxidative stress. Changes in phenolics and bioactivity due to cooking and gastrointestinal digestion of black nightshade were compared to spinach. Predominant compounds of black nightshade were myricetin, quercetin-3-O-robinoside, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3-caffeoylquinic acid, and rutin, which were improved after boiling but reduced after in vitro digestion. Phenolics were reduced after digestion of black nightshade and spinach; however, bioactivity was still retained, especially in preventing oxidative stress in Caco-2 cells. Hence, indicating their potential to reduce oxidative stress related diseases of the digestive tract.
Multiple drug resistance (MDR) often occurs after prolonged chemotherapy, leading to refractory tumors and cancer recurrence. In this study, we demonstrated that the total steroidal saponins from ...Solanum nigrum L. (SN) had broad‐spectrum cytotoxic activity against various human leukemia cancer cell lines, especially in adriamycin (ADR)‐sensitive and resistant K562 cell lines. Moreover, SN could effectively inhibit the expression of ABC transporter in K562/ADR cells in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, by establishing K562/ADR xenograft tumor model, we demonstrated that SN might overcome drug resistance and inhibit the proliferation of tumors by regulating autophagy. In vitro, the increased LC3 puncta, the expression of LC3‐II and Beclin‐1, and the decreased expression of p62/SQSTM1 in SN‐treated K562/ADR and K562 cells demonstrated autophagy induced by SN. Moreover, using the autophagy inhibitors or transfecting the ATG5 shRNA, we confirmed that autophagy induced by SN was a key factor in overcoming MDR thereby promoting cell death in K562/ADR cells. More importantly, SN‐induced autophagy through the mTOR signaling pathway to overcome drug resistance and ultimately induced autophagy‐mediated cell death in K562/ADR cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that SN has the potential to treat multidrug‐resistant leukemia.
Solanum nigrum L. or European black nightshade (Solanum genus) is a common weed of crops and gardens. The berries and leaves of S. nigrum L. are consumed as food or vegetable in some regions and ...reported to possess a range of biological activities. In this study, nine new steroidal saponins, solanigrosides Y1–Y9 (1–6, 10–12), together with seven known congeners, were isolated from the berries of S. nigrum. Their potential inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) and IL-6 and IL-1β production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in macrophages cell line RAW 264.7 were evaluated. Compound 1 exhibited significant inhibition on NO production with an IC50 value of 9.7 μM, and some compounds exhibited significant inhibition effects on the LPS-induced IL-6 and IL-1β production. These results suggest that the steroidal saponins from berries of S. nigrum demonstrated pronounced anti-inflammatory activity and might be explored as a healthy benefit agent.
Traditional preparation of African indigenous vegetables (AIVs) such as African black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) and African spiderplant (Cleome gynandra) involves either boiling and discarding the ...first water or lengthy boiling. Fermentation is considered a better alternative processing technique due to the enhanced retention of phytochemical contents and sensory properties. However, little is known about the impact of lactic acid fermentation on the phytochemical content, antioxidant capacity, sensory acceptability and microbial safety of the African black nightshade and African spiderplant. This study aimed to ferment AIVs using combined starter cultures (Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactococcus lactis) and further determine their effect on the phytochemical content (phenolic compounds and flavonoids), antioxidant capacity, sensory acceptability and microbial safety of the vegetables. There was a marked increase in phenol and flavonoid contents in all fermented vegetables (p < 0.05). The highest phenol content was 228.8 mg/g GAE (gallic acid equivalent) in the starter-culture-inoculated African black nightshade, while flavonoid content was 10.6 mg/g QE (quercetin equivalent) in the same. Starter-culture-inoculated AIVs presented significantly higher antioxidant capacity with a 60–80% radical scavenging activity compared to levels in uninoculated batches (p < 0.05). Fermented vegetables were more liked than the boiled vegetables and were microbiologically safe. In conclusion, lactic fermentation of AIVs increased phytochemical contents (phenolic compounds and flavonoids), maintained antioxidant capacity and improved product safety and sensory acceptability. Therefore, fermentation and consumption of the African indigenous vegetables are to be encouraged.
Impact of low temperature and host plant on Tuta absoluta Campos, Mateus R.; Amiens‐Desneux, Edwige; Béarez, Philippe ...
Entomologia experimentalis et applicata,
November 2021, 2021-11-00, 20211101, Volume:
169, Issue:
11
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Alternative host plants are among the key factors influencing the spread of invasive pests because they are utilized as a food source and provide shelter in unfavorable conditions. The South American ...tomato pinworm (SATP), Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), has a high behavioral and physiological plasticity enabling it to rapidly spread in several countries. Among the multiple strategies used by SATP in the invasion process is the use of alternative host plants including black nightshade (BNS), Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae), a perennial plant widely distributed across all habitats worldwide. Besides the life table and behavioral parameters of SATP on tomato, its survival and reproduction in low temperatures on alternative host plants should be assessed to evaluate the likely spread in temperate regions with harsh winters. In our study, comparing solanaceous species through generations, the primary difference was in the mean generation time with SATP reared on BNS, whereby it had a longer development time than larvae and pupae reared on tomato plants. Adults preferred tomato plants even if they had been reared as larvae on BNS. Exposure periods of 7, 14, and 21 days to 4 °C indicated that more than 50% of SATP pupae reared on BNS plants survived more than 14 days. The survival of SATP reared on tomato plants exceeded 21 days and after exposure to 4 °C, females reared on both plants remained fertile. The life table and behavioral parameters recorded demonstrated a significant potential of BNS to support the development of SATP, also at low temperature. Therefore, even with effective border surveillance and phytosanitation processes in place, invasion through an alternative host is possible and difficult to detect.
Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is an oligophagous pest primarily of tomato plants. However, it can develop on black nightshade, Solanum nigrum (Solanaceae), an alternative host plant that occurs spontaneously in all continents. Age‐stage life table analysis of T. absoluta revealed oviposition preference behavior of females. Additionally, the survival of pupae at low temperature (4 °C) indicated this pest feeds on both host plants and black nightshade has a high potential for T. absoluta development and reproduction.
The effects of two Solanum vegetables, S. macrocarpon L. (African eggplant), and S. nigrum L. (black nightshade) on aluminum model of neurodegeneration in Drosophila melanogaster was investigated. ...Flies were treated with AlCl3 alone or in combination with the leaves from both samples in their diets for 7 days. Thereafter, locomotor performance and aversive phototaxic suppression test for learning and memory were carried out. This was followed by assay for reactive oxygen species, antioxidant properties, and enzyme (monoamine oxidase and cholinesterase) activities. Also, the in vitro antioxidant properties and chromatographic phenolic and alkaloid characterization of the samples were determined. Results showed that impaired behavioral physiology, antioxidant status, and enzyme activities observed in Al‐treated flies were ameliorated in flies treated with both samples. In addition, both samples exhibited in vitro antioxidant effects. The protective effects from these samples against Al‐induced toxicity can be associated with their antioxidant, antimonoaminergic, and anticholinergic properties.
Practical applications
In the quest for a holistic prevention/management approach to neurodegenerative diseases, functional foods are becoming prominent. The use of Drosophila melanogaster to study human diseases is gaining huge recognition due to the high homologue between disease‐causing genes between the two organisms. Consequently, this study presents African eggplant and black nightshade leafy vegetables as sources of polyphenols and alkaloids which are able to ameliorate impaired learning and memory, redox status, and enzyme activities in Al‐induced D. melanogaster model of neurodegeneration.
This study presents dietary inclusions of African eggplant and black nightshade leafy vegetables (0.1% and 1.0% w/w) as sources of polyphenols and alkaloids, which are able to ameliorate impaired learning and memory, redox status, and enzyme activities in aluminum‐induced Drosophila melanogaster model of neurodegeneration. The protective effects of these vegetables can be associated with their antioxidant, antimonoaminergic, and anticholinergic properties.
The gut bacteria of insects positively influence the physiology of their host, however, the dynamics of this complicated ecosystem are not fully clear. To improve our understanding, we characterized ...the gut prokaryotic of Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata that fed on two host plants, Solanum melongena (referred to as QZ hereafter) and Solanum nigrum (referred to as LK hereafter), by sequencing the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene using the Illumina MiSeq system. The results revealed that the gut bacterial composition varied between specimens that fed on different host plants. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean analyses and principal coordinate analysis showed that the bacterial communities of the LK and QZ groups were distinct. Four phyla (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria) were present in all H. vigintioctopunctata gut samples. It is noteworthy that bacteria of the phylum Cyanobacteria were only found in the LK group, with a low relative abundance. Proteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae were the predominant phylum and family, respectively, in both the LK and QZ groups. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analyses showed that the QZ group enriched the Bacilli class and Lactococcus genus; while the LK group enriched the Alphaproteobacteria class and Ochrobactrum genus. PICRUSt analysis showed that genes predicted to be involved in xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism, metabolism of other amino acids, signaling molecules, and interaction were significantly higher in the QZ group. Genes predicted to be involved in the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were significantly higher in the LK group. Furthermore, the complexity of the network structure and the modularity were higher in the LK group than in the QZ group. This is the first study to characterize the gut bacteria of H. vigintioctopunctat, our results demonstrate that the two host plants tested had a considerable impact on bacterial composition in the gut of H. vigintioctopunctata and that the bacterial communities were dominated by relatively few taxa.
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